Definitions
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| What are the 5 Functions of bone? | Support tissue, Protection, Assist in Movement, Hemopoesis, Storage of salts
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| Classification of bones are based on | morphology
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| What are the 5 Classifications of bone? | Long, Short, Flat, Irrecgular, Sesamoid
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| Long bones | typically endochondral formation like the FEMUR
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| Short bones | tarsals, carpals
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| Flat bones | ribs, skull vault
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| Irregular bones | vertebrae and wormian sometimes
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| Sesamoid bones | the only bone partially or totally enclosed by tendon, ie the patella
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| Define Bony Landmarks | wherever tendons, ligaments or fascias attach or ateries lie adjacent to or enter bones.
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| Process | any marked bony prominence
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| Spine | a sharp, slender projection
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| Line | a little ridge on the surface of the femur
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| Crest | more pronounced than a line
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| Foramen | hole through a bone
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| Fossa | shallow depression on the surface of a bone
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| Fissure | a narrow slit like opening in a bone
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| Fovea | “little pit”, small pit like depression
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| Canal aka Meatus | an opening through a bone with length to it
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| Tubercle | small knuckle like process which serves as an attachment point
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| Tuberosity | larger than a tubercle – usually for muscle attachments
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| Trochanter | tuberosity w/ special names (femur)
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| Trochlea | a pulley shaped process
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| Capitulum | “little head”
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| Head | a rounded terminal enlargement for articulation, usually distal ends of bone
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| Antrum aka Sinus | cavity within a bone
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| Condyle | rounded smooth kuckle like process for articulation
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| Neck | adjacent to the head of a bone
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| Epicondyle | upone the condyle
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| Sulcus | “groove” or furrow on the surface of a bone
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| Facet | articular surface
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| Hammulus | hook like process
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| Joint | place of union b/w 2 bones regardless of degree of movement
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| Meatus | foramen with length
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| Squama | flat part of bone
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| Cartilidge is an _____ tissue | avascular
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| A Joint is | A union b/w two or more bones or rigid parts
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| What are the 3 classifications of Joints? | Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
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| Fibrous Joint | suture joint; 2 bones united by fibrous connective tissue
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| Cartilaginous | comprised of hyaline. Ex: occiput to sphenoid and the disc in the symphysis pubis
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| Synovial Joint | cavity of the joint is lined with synovial membrane and lubricated w/ a viscous synovial fluid within joint capsule
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| Cartiladge receives nourishment from the | perichondrium
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| What is the most common type of Joint? | Synovial
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| Define the 6 types of Synovial Joints. |
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| Pivot, Plane, Hinge, Saddle, Condyloid, Ball and Socket |
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| Joints Classified based on movement become | SAD: Synarthrosis (immovable), Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable), Diarthrosis (freely moveable)
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| Hyaline Cartilage | glass like tissue found on articular surfaces of synovial joints
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| Fibrocartilage | pubic symphysis
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| Elastic cartilage | similar to hyaline except it has elastic fibers
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| Hinge joint | allows movement in one plane. Flex and extend
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| Pivot | rotational movement
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| Condylar joint | rounded condyle fits into oval cup surface. 2 planes
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| Ellipsoid | oval joint which can flex, extend, adduct and abduct (aka circumduct)
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| Saddle Joint | concave surface that fits over convex surface (thumb)
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| Ball and Socket | rounded condyle fits into a fossae (hip)
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| Plane | allows gilding (vertebrae)
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| CI (name and function) | Olfactory and smell
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| CII (name and function) | Optic and vision
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| CIII (name and function) | Occulomotor and motor to eye muscles
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| CIV (name and function) | Trochlear and motor to superior oblique aka the pulley muscle
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| CV (name and function) | Trigeminal and has 3 divisions (I, II, III for ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular)
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| CVI (name and function) | Abducens and motor to lateral rectus abducts the eyeball
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| CVII (name and function) | Facial and motor to muscle of facial expression, ear ooicle and sensory to inner ear. Found in vicinity of inner ear.
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| CVIII (name and function) | Vestibulocochlear and balance and hearing
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| CIX (name and function) – | Glossopharyngeal and motor to sensory to pharynx and posterior 1/3 of tongue
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| CX (name and function) | Vagus and wanderer has a laundry list of sensory and motor functions
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| CXI (name and function) | Spinal accessory and motor to trap and SCM
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| CXII (name and function) | Hypoglossal and motor to muscles of tongue
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| CI exits where? | Skull in the anterior cranial fossa above the nose and orbital ridge
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| Where do CII through CVI exit? | the skull in the middle cranial fossa behind the orbit and in front of the inner ear
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| Where do CVII through CXII exit? | within the posterior cranial fossa as these nerves are supplying the ear, pharynx and tongue
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| Emissary vein | connects veins within and out of the skull
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| Foramen cecum | emissary vein b/w superior sagittal sinus and nasal plexus of veins
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| Cribiform plate of ethmoid | transmits CI
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| Hypophyseal fossa | contains pituitary aka pituitary fossa
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| Superior orbital fissure | transmits V1, CIII, CIV, CVI and ophthalmic vessels
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| Foramen rotundum | transmits V2
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| Foramen Ovale | transmits V3
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| Foramen Spinosum | transmits middle meningeal artery and vein (impressions on the interior of skull vault)
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| Foramen lacerum | nothing of significance passes through, blocked by cartilage of auditory tube
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| Optic canal | transmits CII and cranial retinal artery
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| Facial hiatus | emerges the greater superficial petrosal nerve which is a branch of CVII
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| Foramen Magnum | spinal cord begins here
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| Hypoglossal canal | CXII, meningeal artery
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| Jugular foramen | sigmoid sinus becomes internal jugular vein exits CiX, CX, CXI
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| Internal acoustic meatus | CVII, VIII, labyrinthine artery to inner ear
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| Condylar canal | emissary vein
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| Mastoid foramen | mastoid emissary vein, branch of the occipital artery to dura matter
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| Stylomastoid foramen | CVII (facial nerve)
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| Greater and lesser palatine foraminae | greater and lesser palatine nerves and greater palatine artery and vein
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| Carotid canal | internal carotid artery enter here associated with a plexus of sympathetic nerves, enters the cranial cavity just above the foramen lacerum
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| Incisive foramen | behind the incisors and transmits the incisive branch of the nasopalatine nerve, a branch of CVII
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| Parietal emissary foraminae | found on either side of the sagittal suture transmit the parietal emissary veins
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| Inferior orbital fissure | V2
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| Supraorbital foramen | supraorbital nerve, VI and supraorbital artery
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| Infraorbital foramen | infraorbital nerve and artery
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| Anterior and posterior ethmoid foraminae | branches of V1
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| Zygomaticofacial foramen | transmits the zygomaticofacial branch of the zygomatic nerve V2
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| Pterygomaxillary fissure | V2 goes through here on its way from the foramen rotundum into the maxilla
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| Mandibular foramen | inferior alveolar nerve of V3
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| Mental foramen | mental nerve branch of inferior alveolar nerve
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| Bregma | junction of coronal and sagittal sutures
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| Lambda | junction of sagittal and lambdoidal sutures
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| Obelion | point of a sagittal sutre b/w the parietal foraminae
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| Glabella | point b/w the superciliary arches
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| Stephanion | superior temporal line and coronal suture
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| Pterion | area that encompasses the sphenoparietal suture
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| Asterion | a junction of lambdoid, occipital, mastoid and parietal mastoid sutures
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| Nasion | a junction of internasal and nasofrontal sutures
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| Inion | midpoint
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| Basion and Opisthion | midline points on anterior and posterior borders of the foramen magnum
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| Vertex | highest point on cranium
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