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Osteo Test 1
Definitions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 5 Functions of bone? | Support tissue, Protection, Assist in Movement, Hemopoesis, Storage of salts |
| Classification of bones are based on | morphology |
| What are the 5 Classifications of bone? | Long, Short, Flat, Irrecgular, Sesamoid |
| Long bones | typically endochondral formation like the FEMUR |
| Short bones | tarsals, carpals |
| Flat bones | ribs, skull vault |
| Irregular bones | vertebrae and wormian sometimes |
| Sesamoid bones | the only bone partially or totally enclosed by tendon, ie the patella |
| Define Bony Landmarks | wherever tendons, ligaments or fascias attach or ateries lie adjacent to or enter bones. |
| Process | any marked bony prominence |
| Spine | a sharp, slender projection |
| Line | a little ridge on the surface of the femur |
| Crest | more pronounced than a line |
| Foramen | hole through a bone |
| Fossa | shallow depression on the surface of a bone |
| Fissure | a narrow slit like opening in a bone |
| Fovea | “little pit”, small pit like depression |
| Canal aka Meatus | an opening through a bone with length to it |
| Tubercle | small knuckle like process which serves as an attachment point |
| Tuberosity | larger than a tubercle – usually for muscle attachments |
| Trochanter | tuberosity w/ special names (femur) |
| Trochlea | a pulley shaped process |
| Capitulum | “little head” |
| Head | a rounded terminal enlargement for articulation, usually distal ends of bone |
| Antrum aka Sinus | cavity within a bone |
| Condyle | rounded smooth kuckle like process for articulation |
| Neck | adjacent to the head of a bone |
| Epicondyle | upone the condyle |
| Sulcus | “groove” or furrow on the surface of a bone |
| Facet | articular surface |
| Hammulus | hook like process |
| Joint | place of union b/w 2 bones regardless of degree of movement |
| Meatus | foramen with length |
| Squama | flat part of bone |
| Cartilidge is an _____ tissue | avascular |
| A Joint is | A union b/w two or more bones or rigid parts |
| What are the 3 classifications of Joints? | Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial |
| Fibrous Joint | suture joint; 2 bones united by fibrous connective tissue |
| Cartilaginous | comprised of hyaline. Ex: occiput to sphenoid and the disc in the symphysis pubis |
| Synovial Joint | cavity of the joint is lined with synovial membrane and lubricated w/ a viscous synovial fluid within joint capsule |
| Cartiladge receives nourishment from the | perichondrium |
| What is the most common type of Joint? | Synovial |
| Define the 6 types of Synovial Joints. | |
| Pivot, Plane, Hinge, Saddle, Condyloid, Ball and Socket | |
| Joints Classified based on movement become | SAD: Synarthrosis (immovable), Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable), Diarthrosis (freely moveable) |
| Hyaline Cartilage | glass like tissue found on articular surfaces of synovial joints |
| Fibrocartilage | pubic symphysis |
| Elastic cartilage | similar to hyaline except it has elastic fibers |
| Hinge joint | allows movement in one plane. Flex and extend |
| Pivot | rotational movement |
| Condylar joint | rounded condyle fits into oval cup surface. 2 planes |
| Ellipsoid | oval joint which can flex, extend, adduct and abduct (aka circumduct) |
| Saddle Joint | concave surface that fits over convex surface (thumb) |
| Ball and Socket | rounded condyle fits into a fossae (hip) |
| Plane | allows gilding (vertebrae) |
| CI (name and function) | Olfactory and smell |
| CII (name and function) | Optic and vision |
| CIII (name and function) | Occulomotor and motor to eye muscles |
| CIV (name and function) | Trochlear and motor to superior oblique aka the pulley muscle |
| CV (name and function) | Trigeminal and has 3 divisions (I, II, III for ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular) |
| CVI (name and function) | Abducens and motor to lateral rectus abducts the eyeball |
| CVII (name and function) | Facial and motor to muscle of facial expression, ear ooicle and sensory to inner ear. Found in vicinity of inner ear. |
| CVIII (name and function) | Vestibulocochlear and balance and hearing |
| CIX (name and function) – | Glossopharyngeal and motor to sensory to pharynx and posterior 1/3 of tongue |
| CX (name and function) | Vagus and wanderer has a laundry list of sensory and motor functions |
| CXI (name and function) | Spinal accessory and motor to trap and SCM |
| CXII (name and function) | Hypoglossal and motor to muscles of tongue |
| CI exits where? | Skull in the anterior cranial fossa above the nose and orbital ridge |
| Where do CII through CVI exit? | the skull in the middle cranial fossa behind the orbit and in front of the inner ear |
| Where do CVII through CXII exit? | within the posterior cranial fossa as these nerves are supplying the ear, pharynx and tongue |
| Emissary vein | connects veins within and out of the skull |
| Foramen cecum | emissary vein b/w superior sagittal sinus and nasal plexus of veins |
| Cribiform plate of ethmoid | transmits CI |
| Hypophyseal fossa | contains pituitary aka pituitary fossa |
| Superior orbital fissure | transmits V1, CIII, CIV, CVI and ophthalmic vessels |
| Foramen rotundum | transmits V2 |
| Foramen Ovale | transmits V3 |
| Foramen Spinosum | transmits middle meningeal artery and vein (impressions on the interior of skull vault) |
| Foramen lacerum | nothing of significance passes through, blocked by cartilage of auditory tube |
| Optic canal | transmits CII and cranial retinal artery |
| Facial hiatus | emerges the greater superficial petrosal nerve which is a branch of CVII |
| Foramen Magnum | spinal cord begins here |
| Hypoglossal canal | CXII, meningeal artery |
| Jugular foramen | sigmoid sinus becomes internal jugular vein exits CiX, CX, CXI |
| Internal acoustic meatus | CVII, VIII, labyrinthine artery to inner ear |
| Condylar canal | emissary vein |
| Mastoid foramen | mastoid emissary vein, branch of the occipital artery to dura matter |
| Stylomastoid foramen | CVII (facial nerve) |
| Greater and lesser palatine foraminae | greater and lesser palatine nerves and greater palatine artery and vein |
| Carotid canal | internal carotid artery enter here associated with a plexus of sympathetic nerves, enters the cranial cavity just above the foramen lacerum |
| Incisive foramen | behind the incisors and transmits the incisive branch of the nasopalatine nerve, a branch of CVII |
| Parietal emissary foraminae | found on either side of the sagittal suture transmit the parietal emissary veins |
| Inferior orbital fissure | V2 |
| Supraorbital foramen | supraorbital nerve, VI and supraorbital artery |
| Infraorbital foramen | infraorbital nerve and artery |
| Anterior and posterior ethmoid foraminae | branches of V1 |
| Zygomaticofacial foramen | transmits the zygomaticofacial branch of the zygomatic nerve V2 |
| Pterygomaxillary fissure | V2 goes through here on its way from the foramen rotundum into the maxilla |
| Mandibular foramen | inferior alveolar nerve of V3 |
| Mental foramen | mental nerve branch of inferior alveolar nerve |
| Bregma | junction of coronal and sagittal sutures |
| Lambda | junction of sagittal and lambdoidal sutures |
| Obelion | point of a sagittal sutre b/w the parietal foraminae |
| Glabella | point b/w the superciliary arches |
| Stephanion | superior temporal line and coronal suture |
| Pterion | area that encompasses the sphenoparietal suture |
| Asterion | a junction of lambdoid, occipital, mastoid and parietal mastoid sutures |
| Nasion | a junction of internasal and nasofrontal sutures |
| Inion | midpoint |
| Basion and Opisthion | midline points on anterior and posterior borders of the foramen magnum |
| Vertex | highest point on cranium |
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