Muscular System
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| acetylcholine (ACh) | A neurotransmitter that stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles
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| actin | One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells; the other is myosin
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| agonist | A muscle that carries out a given movement (from Greek agon meaning “contest,” “struggle”)
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| antagonist | The muscle that opposes an agonist; it must relax when the agonist contracts; also a substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug
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| cardiac muscle | Involuntary muscle that makes up the heart wall
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| fascia | The fibrous sheath of connective tissue that covers a muscle; called deep fascia to differentiate it from the superficial fascia that underlies the skin (root: fasci/o) (plural: fasciae)
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| fascicle | A small bundle, as of muscle or nerve fibers
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| insertion | In a given movement, the point where a muscle is attached to a moving part of the skeleton
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| muscle | An organ that produces movement by contracting; also the tissue that composes such organs (roots: my/o, muscul/o)
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| myosin | One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells; the other is actin
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| neuromuscular junction (NMJ) | The point of contact, or synapse, between a branch of a motor neuron and a muscle cell
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| origin | In a given movement, the point where a muscle is attached to a stable part of the skeleton
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| prime mover | The main muscle involved in a given movement
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| skeletal muscle | Voluntary muscle that moves the skeleton and maintains posture
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| smooth muscle | Involuntary muscle that makes up the wall of hollow organs, vessels, and ducts; visceral muscle
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| synergist | A muscle that assists a prime mover to produce a given movement
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| tendon | A fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone (roots: ten/o, tendin/o)
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| tonus | A state of steady, partial muscle contraction that maintains firmness; muscle tone (root: ton/o)
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| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | A disease caused by motor neuron degeneration resulting in muscular weakness and atrophy; Lou Gehrig disease
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| chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) | A disease of unknown cause that involves persistent fatigue along with muscle and joint pain and other symptoms; may be virally induced
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| creatine kinase (CK) | An enzyme found in muscle tissue; the serum CK level increases in cases of muscle damage; creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
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| dermatomyositis | A disease of unknown origin involving muscular inflammation as well as dermatitis and skin rashes
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| electromyography (EMG) | Study of the electrical activity of muscles during contraction
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| fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) | A disorder associated with widespread muscular aches and stiffness and having no known cause
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| muscular dystrophy | A group of hereditary muscular disorders marked by progressive weakness and muscular atrophy
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| myasthenia gravis (MG) | A disease characterized by progressive muscular weakness; an autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction
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| polymyositis | A disease of unknown cause involving muscular inflammation and weakness
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| repetitive strain injury (RSI) | Tissue damage caused by repeated motion, usually overuse of the arm or hand in occupational activities such as writing, typing, painting, or using hand tools; also called repetitive motion injury, cumulative trauma injury, overuse syndrome
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| sprain | Injury to a ligament caused by abnormal or excessive force at a joint, but without bone dislocation or fracture
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| strain | Trauma to a muscle because of overuse or excessive stretch; if severe, may involve muscular tearing, bleeding, separation of a muscle from its tendon, or tendon separation from a bone
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| tendinitis | Inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by injury or overuse; the shoulder, elbow, and hip are common sites; also spelled tendonitis
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| tenosynovitis | Inflammation of a tendon and its sheath
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