USG Chapter 9
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| The objective for this chapter: I will analyze factors affecting the political process and their role in government, including the role of | political parties, interest groups, mass media, public opinion, and campaign funding
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| the aggregation of views shared by a segment of society on issues of interest or concern to people | public opinion
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| the choices the government makes and the actions it takes in response to a particular issue or problem | public policy
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| the process by which people acquire political beliefs | political socialization
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| any means of communication that provides information to a large audience, including magazines, radio, television news, and news on the Web | mass media
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| information designed to shape public opinion | propaganda
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| a survey of people scientifically selected to provide opinions about something | poll
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| the group of people who take part in a poll | sample
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| a poll’s margin of error, or uncertainty level | sampling error
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| errors introduced by polling methods that lead to one outcome over others | bias
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| freedom from bias and outside factors that may influence the results of a poll | objectivity
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| a survey of a randomly selected fraction of voters after they have voted | exit poll
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| an organization of people with common interests that tries to influence government and its policies | special interest group
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| an organization created to raise and contribute money legally to the campaigns of political candidates | political action committee
(PAC)
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| a business group that represents certain industries or parts of industries | trade association
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| organizations of workers who do the same job or work in related industries | labor unions
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| to publicly declare support for a particular candidate in an election | endorse
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| contacting a public official to persuade the official to support the group’s interests | lobbying
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| the lowest level of an organization or society | grass roots
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| organized group that seeks to win elections in order to influence the activities of government | political party
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| the difference in political views held by the different political parties | political spectrum
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| the process of naming candidates for elective office | nomination process
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| the body of people entitled to vote | electorate
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| a system of government in which a single political party controls government | one-party system
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| a system of government in which two political parties compete for control of the government | two-party system
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| a system of government in which several political parties compete for control of the government | multiparty system
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| any political party in a two-party system besides the two major ones | third party
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| a candidate who is not associated with any political party | independent candidate
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| the smallest unit of area for administering elections and local voting | precinct
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| a voting district made up of several precincts | ward
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| money that is donated to an individual campaign | hard money
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| money that is given to a political party rather than to a specific candidate | soft money
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| political candidates who announce that they are running for office and ask voters to write in their names on the ballot | write-in candidates
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| a meeting of all the House members from a particular party held to elect party officers | party caucus
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| a primary, or first, election in which the party’s candidate for office is chosen directly by voters | direct primary
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| a primary election in which only voters registered as party members can vote in selecting that party’s candidates | closed primary
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| a primary election in which any registered voter may vote in either party’s primary election | open primary
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| when a candidate in an election has more votes than any other candidate | plurality
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| a ballot submitted on or before election day by a voter who cannot be present on election day | absentee ballot
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| A newspaper’s investigative series exposing corruption in a public agency would be an example of how the mass media might | help determine the public agenda.
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| The purpose of exit polls is to | predict election results before polls close.
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| What is a goal common to all interest groups? | influencing public policy
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| What is the relationship between interest groups and political action committees? | Many interest groups have political action committees to support candidates for office.
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| An interest group that wants to contribute to candidates for Congress would most likely | form a political action committee.
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| In what way would the National Organization for Women most likely differ from the U.S. Chamber of Commerce? | representing a societal rather than business group
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| An interest group that endorses a candidate is | asking voters to elect the candidate.
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| A significant difference between political parties and interest groups is that | the main goal of political parties is to elect their members to public office.
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| What party system is the most common party system? | multiparty
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| What is the origin of the today’s two major U.S. political parties? | a party split
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| In our two-party system, each major party tries to | appeal to as broad a base as possible.
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| How does the fact that parties provide a political “brand name” help a political party? | Voters may vote for an unknown candidate because they support the party’s views
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| Compared with political parties in multiparty systems, what are parties in our two-party system more likely to do? | lack party unity
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| In a local election that uses nomination by petition, a candidate would be required to | collect the signatures of a certain number of qualified voters.
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| A meeting of party members to endorse candidates for office and select delegates is called a | caucus
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| How has the nominating process changed since the 1890s? | Voters have gained a greater voice
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| The main task of a national nominating convention is to | choose a party’s candidate for president.
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| What takes place on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November of all even-numbered years? | congressional election
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| A common criticism of election campaigns is that they are too | negative
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