biochemistry and microbiology
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| Biochemistry | The study of chemistry as it relates to life
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| Microbiology | the study of extremely small life
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| Matter | That portion of the universe that has a shape and substance
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| Energy | The capacity to do work
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| Liquid | A state of matter in which the substance will take on the shape of a container but will not expand to fill a container with greater volume than the substance
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| Gas | A state of matter in which the substance will take on the shape of any container in which it is placed and will expand to fill the container
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| Solid | A state of matter in which the substance has a definite shape that is maintained unless acted upon by a force that is capable of changing that shape
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| Chemical Reaction | A process in which one or more chemicals that are exposed to the other chemicals or sources of energy such as heat change their chemical composition to produce other chemicals and often other forms of energy
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| Respiration | The physical and chemical process by which an organism supplies its cells and tissues with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
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| Nutrient | A substance that can be processed by the digestive system and used by the cells to produce energy or build tissue
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| Homeostasis | The state of the body in which conditions remain relatively stable despite changes in the environment
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| Element | One of more than 100 primary, simple substances that cannot be broken down by chemical means into any other substance
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| Atom | The smallest division of an element that exhibits all the properties and characteristics of the element
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| Nucleus | The structure in the center of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons and about which electrons orbit
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| Proton | A positively charged particle that is a fundamental component of the nucleus
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| Neutron | An elementary particle that is a fundamental component of the nucleus of atoms; it has no electric charge
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| Electron | A negatively charged elementary particle of an atom
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| Shell | The set of electron orbits in an atom that have the same energy level
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| Bond | The mechanism by which atoms link to one another to form molecules involving the loss of, gaining of, or sharing of electrons in the outer shell
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| Molecule | A structure consisting of two or more atoms
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| Catalyst | A substance that affects the rate of change in a chemical reaction without being changed chemically
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| Compound | A substance that consists of atoms of two or more different elements bonded together as molecules; to separate its components into other compounds and elements requires a chemical reaction
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| Mixture | A substance that consists of two or more combined components that do not interact chemically; to separate its components requires either a mechanical method or the application of energy
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| Solution | A substance that consists of one or more components dissolved in a liquid; to separate its components, the energy of the substance must change so that the energy balance between the components prevents the liquid from being able to hold the dissolved mat
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| Concentration | The ratio of components of a solution or mixture
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| Saturation Point | The concentration level of a solution above which no more of a substance will dissolve
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| Oxygen | Required for the chemical reaction that releases energy from nutrients; one of the atoms in a water molecule; a key element in other compounds of importance to the body
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| Organic Compound | A compound that contains carbon and hydrogen
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| Carbon Dioxide | Given off as a waste product of a cell respiration
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| Exhalation | The act of breathing out or exhaling
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| Water | Dissolves substances to make them more usable to the body; provides fluid to lubricate moving parts of the body; helps maintain body temperature
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| Lubricate | to improve the ease of movement between two objects by applying a substance that reduces friction
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| Glucose | Serves as the primary energy source for the cells
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| Theory | A statement that provides an explanation based on evidence without final proof being obtained
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| Fever | An abnormally high body temperature
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| Carbohydrates | Serve as the major source of energy
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| Consist primarily sugars or saccharide |
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| Include monosaccharides | which are simple sugars that provide nutrient energy and form other compounds
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| Ribose and deoxyribose | part of the nucleic acids that form the genetic code in cells
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| Oligosaccharides | serve as antigens on the outer surface of cell membranes
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| Cellulose | indigestible substance that provide bulk to the contents of the digestive tract and promotes healthy movement through the intestines
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| Glycogen | consists of a very complex chain of glucose molecules that can be stored in the liver and skeletal muscles until converted back into glucose
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| Starches | consist of chains of glucose that are split apart during digestion
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| Lipids | Serve as a means of storing energy, providing structure to cell membranes, and influencing some hormone functions
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| Consist of carbon, hydrogen, and sometimes phosphorus, often the form of fatty acids |
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| Triglycerides | Store energy primarily in the form of body fat
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| Phospholipids | Are one constituent of cell membranes
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| Steroids | Which are one constituent of cell membranes and assist with hormone synthesis
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| Prostaglandins | Which regulate hormone action, enhance the immune system, and affect the inflammatory response
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| Inflammatory Response | the way the body reacts to an injury
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| Proteins | Serve many roles in the human body that can be generally classed as functional, in which the protein regulates a chemical reaction, or structural, in which the protein is a component in cells and tissues
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| Consists of amino acids, which are made of carbon hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and in some cases, sulfur |
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| Keratin, collagen, hemoglobin, myosin, and other structural proteins that form receptor sites in cell membranes |
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| Pore | An opening in a surface that allows materials to pass through
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| Sexual Maturation | The process of developing secondary sexual characteristics and becoming able to reproduce
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| Antibody | A protein molecule that will bind to foreign substances in the body
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| Enzyme | a Protein that acts as a catalyst in a chemical reaction
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| Nucleic | Serve to encode and decode information required for the production of structural protein
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| Nucleotides | which are made of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of five base chemicals that include nitrogen
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| Deoxyribonucleic Acid | which is a double strand of nucleotides with a structure that defines the code of inherited traits
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| Ribonucleic Acid | which is a single strand of nucleotides that synthesizes protein
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| Genetic Code | The sequence of bases in DNA that determines how the organism will be structured
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| Isotonic | A solution that has the same concentration of dissolved particles as the solution to which it is compared
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| Hypertonic | A solution that has a higher concentration of dissolved particles that the solution to which it is compared
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| Hypotonic | A solution that has a lower concentration of dissolved particles that the solution to which it is compaired
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