Terminology
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| Integumentary System | Provides protection, regulates temperature, reduces water loss, and produces vitamin D precursors.
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| Organism Level | Any single living thing.
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| Organ System Level | Group of organs functioning together to serve common function.
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| Organ Level | One or more tissues functioning together.
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| Tissue Level | Group of similar cells and materials surrounding them.
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| Cell Level | A cell and its organelles (mitochondria).
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| Chemical Level | Interaction of atoms or molecules (DNA,H2O)
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| Excercise Physiology | Changes in structure and function caused by exercise.
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| Pathology | Structural and functional changes caused by disease Ex:Structures of air sacs degrade our ability/function to jog 5 miles is change.
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| Cardiovascular | The heart and blood vessels.
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| Neurophysiology | Focus on the nervous system.
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| Cell Physiology | Process within the cells.
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| Histology | Study of tissue; The collection of cells.
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| Body positions | Supine: Lying face upwardProne: Lying face downward
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| Developement | Changes in an organism over time.Differentiation: Cells change from general to specific. One type of cell can lead to many different types of blood cells.Morphogenesis: Change in shape of tissue, organs, or organism.
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| Growth | Increase in size and or number of cells.
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| Anatomical Position | Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward.
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| Microscopic | Structures seen with the microscope.
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| Cytology | Cellular anatomy; Parts making up a single cell.
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| Systemic | Studied system by system (circulatory).
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| Regional Anatomy | Studies area by ares (head, abdomen, arms).
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| Surface | External form and relation to deeper structures. (See or feel/palpated the sternum-heart is beneath it).
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| Response | Produced by the effector changing the variable back to set point.
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| Stimulus | Deviation from the set point, detected by the receptor.
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| Reproduction | Formation of new cells or new organisms.
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| Responsiveness | Ability to sense changes/stimuli and adjust if needed.
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| Metabolism | Life invloves chemical reactions.
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| Organization | State in which the parts are not randomly situated but organizred to maximize function, parts must interact.
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| Sagittal | Seperates Left and Right parts of the body.
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| Coronal | Divides body into posterior & anterior sections "PAC".
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| Transverse | Divides body into superior and inferior sections "SIT".
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| Oblique | "Odd" at angle other than 90 or 0 degree.
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| Longitudinal | Cut along the length of an organ.
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| Cross/Transverse | Cut at right angle to length of the organ.
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| Diaphram | A muscle that divides the body cavity into THERACTIC and ABDOMINOPELVIC cavities.
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| Mediastinum | Contains all structures of the thorack cavity except the lungs, it divides the lungs.
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| Serous Membranes | Cover the organs inside cavities but also lines the cavity themselves.
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| Pericardium | Refers to Heart.
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| Pleura | Refers to lungs.
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| Peritoneum | Refers to abdominopelvic cavity.
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| Matter | Anything that occupies space and has mass.
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| Mass | The amount of matter in an object.
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| Weight | The gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass.
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| Element | The simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties; composed of atoms of only one kind. (H or O)
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| Atom | Smallest particles of an element that has chemical characteristics of that element.
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| Neutrons | No electrical charge.
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| Protons | One positive charge.
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| Electrons | One negative charge,orbit nucleus.
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| Nucleus | Formed by protons and neutrons.
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| Atomic Number | Equals to number of protons (+) in each atom, which is equal to the number of electrons.
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| Mass Number | Number of protons (+) plus number of neutrons.
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| Isotopes | Two or more forms of same element with same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons.Ex: there are 3 types of hydrogen, denoted by using symbol of element preceded by mass number as 1H,2H,3H.
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| Atomic Mass | Average mass of naturally occurring isotopes.
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| Radioactive Isotopes | Forms of atoms that emit radioactivity such as gamma rays, which can than be measured. -Used clinically and in research.
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| Intramolecular bonding | Occurs when outermose electrons are either shared with or transferred to another atom.
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| Ionic Bonding | Atoms exchange electrons, one lost it and other gained it.
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| Covalent Bonding | Two or more atoms share electron pairs.
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| Ion | An atom loses or gains electrons and becomes charged. (+/-)
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| Cation | Positively charged ion.
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| Anion | Negatively charged ion.
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| What is the symbol for Phosphate? | PO
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| What is the symbol for Magnesium? | Mg
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| What is the symbol for Iodide? | I
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| What is the symbol for calcium? | Ca
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| Significance of Phosphate? | Part of bones and teeth, energy exchange, acid-base balance.
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| Significance of Magnesium? | Necessary for enzymes.
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| Significance of Iodide? | Present in thyroid hormones.
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| Significance of calcium? | Part of bones and teeth, blood clotting, muscle contraction, release os neurotransmitters.
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| Molecules | 2 or more atoms chemically combined to form an independent unit.Ex: (H2)
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| Compound | A substance/molecule composed of 2 or more different types of atoms chemically combined.Ex: (H2O)
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| Intermolecular forces | Forces between molecules.
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| Ionic Bond | A complete transfer of electrons between two atoms results in seperate positively charged and negatively charged ions.
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| Polar Covalent Bond | An unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms results in a slight positive charge on one side of the molecule and slight negative charge on the other side of the molecule.
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| Hydrogen Bond | The attraction of oppositely charged ends of one polar molecule to another polar molecule holds molecules or parts of molecules together.
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| Solubility | Ability of one substance to dissolve in another.Ex: Sugar or salt dissolves in water.
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| Electrolyte | Solutions made by the dissociation of cations (+) and anions (-) in water.
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| Nonelectrolytes | Solutions made by molecules that dissolve in water, but do not dissociate; do not conduct eletricity.
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| Subdivision of the abdomen | Right hypochondriac regionRight lumbar regionRight iliac regionEpigastric regionUmbilical regionHypogastric regionLeft hypochondriac regionLeft lumbar regionLeft iliac region
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| Chemical Reactions | Atoms, ions, molecules or compounds interact to form or break chemical bonds.
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| Reactants | Substances that enter into a chemical reaction.
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| Products | Substances that result from the reaction.
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