Immunity, Hypersensitivity, Allergy & Autoimmune Diseases
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| defense mechanisms for dealing w/pathogenic microorganisms & other harmful substances | inflammatory response & acquired immunity
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| nonspecific response to any harmful agent, includes phagocytosis by neutrophils & macrophages | inflammatory reaction
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| develops after contact with pathogenic defense mechanisms for dealing w/pathogenic microorganisms & is capacity to react to lrg # of foreign antigens | acquired immunity
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| humoral & cell-mediated immunity are the 2 types | of acquired immunity
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| humoral immunity | assoc w/production of antibodies that can combine w/& eliminate forge in material(s)
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| humoral immunity is body's major defense against | many bacteria & bacterial toxins
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| cell-mediated immunity | characterized by formation of population of lymphocytes to attack/destroy foreign material
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| cell-mediated immunity is a mechanism | by which body rejects transplanted organs & eliminates abnormal cells arising during cell division
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| acquired immunity is often associated w/stage of altered reactivity to bacterial products/foreign material leading to | intense inflammatory reaction at site of contact w/antigen
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| hypersensitivity | state of abnormal reactivity to a foreign material
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| person who displays hypersensitivity to antigen/its products usually possesses | some degree of immunity as well
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| many disease are associated w/development of an acquired immunity without | being capable of demonstrating hypersensitivity
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| normally people develop immune response to | non-self antigens
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| lymphocytes accidentally programmed to react to self-antigen, during prenatal development are | destroyed/inactivated suppressing their function
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| autoantibodies | antibody formed against one's own cells/tissue components
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| autoimmune diseases | associated with formation of cell-mediated or humoral immunity against one's own cells or tissue components
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| when our immune system attacks us it produces | groups of destructive lymphocytes & injurious antibodies directed against own cells/tissues
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| autoimmune disease can cause | considerable organ/tissue damage
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| important cells of immune system that respond to foreign antigens are lymphocytes and | macrophages/related cells that process antigen & present to lymphocytes
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| immune system cells communicate & product their effect by secreting | soluble peptide(protein) messengers
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| lymphokines | soluble substance (cytokine) liberated by lymphocytes
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| cytokines | gen. term for any protein secreted by cells that functions as intercellular messenger, influencing cells of immune system
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| secreted by macrophages & monocytes, lymphocytes & other cells | cytokines
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| monokines | soluble substance (cytokine) liberated by monocytes
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| interferons | broad-spectrum antiviral agent manufactured by various cells in body
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| interleukins | chemical messenger that sends regulatory signals between cells of immune system
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| Interleukin-2 | lymphokine stimulating growth of lymphocytes
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| tumor necrosis factors | cytokine that can destroy foreign/abnormal cells
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| named because they can destroy tumor cells, by functions not restricted to only tumor cells | tumor necrosis factors
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| precursor cells of lymphocytes are initially formed from | stem cells in bone marrow
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| development of lymphocytes into their two groups depends on | where they undergo further development & "learn" their functions
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| where they undergo further development & "learn" their functions is a process called | developing immune competence
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| precursor cells that migrate to thymus for maturation/development into cells forming a specific lymphocyte called | T (thymus-dependent) lymphocytes
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| T lymphocytes are a type of lymphocyte associated with | cell-mediated immunity
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| lymphoid cells remaining within bone marrow to differentiate & develop are destined to become | B (bone-marrow) lymphocytes
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| B lymphocytes are a lymphocyte that differentiates into | plasma cells
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| B lymphocytes are associated with | humoral immunity
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| rearrangement of genes within developing B & T lymphocytes is programming process by which | lymphocytes acquire immune competence
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| antigen receptors of B lymphocytes are | immunoglobulin molecules
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| immunoglobulins are | antibodies
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| T lymphocyte receptors develop differently but serve | same functions as those on B cells
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| single lymphocyte can respond to | only a single antigen
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| before birth B&T cells migrate and proliferate to form masses of mature lymphocytes in | the spleen, lymph nodes & other lymphoid sites
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| CD (cluster of differentiation) antigens | classify T cells into 2 groups based on protein molecules
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| lymphocytes containing CD4 antigens are called | T4 lymphocytes
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| lymphocytes containing CD8 antigens are called | T8 lymphocytes
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| lymphocytes do not remain localized, they continually re-circulate btwn | bloodstream & various lymphoid tissues
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| ___ of circulating lymphocytes are T lymphocytes | 2/3
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| natural killer cells (NK cells) | lymphocytes capable of destroying foreign or abnormal cells without prior contact w/cells
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| major targets of NK cells are | cancer cells & virus-infected cells
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| destroy target cells as soon as encountered, by secreting destructive lymphokines | NK cells
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| NK cells are on related to, but not part of, cell-mediated immunity because they | activate & function more effectively when stimulated by lymphokines secreted by T cells
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| NK cells are on related to, but not part of, humoral immunity because some types | possess cell membrane receptors for antibody molecules, making it easier to attach/destroy target cells coated w/antibodies
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| macrophages are monocytes that have left bloodstream to take-up residence in tissues throughout body where they | phagocytose & process antigens
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| dendric cells | widely distributed cells that process antigens & present to lymphocytes
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| T lymphocytes can only respond to | processed antigens
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| B lymphocytes can respond to | intact antigens by processing them & display antigen fragments on their cell membranes
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| first step in acquired immune reaction is | recognition of foreign antigen
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| second step in acquired immune reaction is | proliferation of lymphocytes programmed to respond to antigen, forming larger group of cells
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| cells formed in response to an antigen during second step in acquired immune reaction are | clone cells
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| third step in acquired immune reaction is | destruction of antigen by lymphocytes responding to antigen
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| epitopes | small fragment of antigen displayed on cell membrane of antigen processing cell
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| antigenic determinants is another name for | epitopes
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| when appropriately stimulated B lymphocytes proliferate & mature into | antibody-forming plasma cells
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| when appropriately stimulated T lymphocytes proliferate forming diverse population of cells to | regulate immune response & generate cell-mediated immune reaction to eliminate antigenic material
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| after initial contact with an antigen there is a | lag phase of week/more before immune response is demonstrated
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| lag phase corresponds to | time required for processing antigen & for lymphocytes to respond
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| some lymphoid cells retain a memory of | foreign antigen that induced sensitization
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| later contact with the antigen provokes | renewed proliferation of sensitized lymphocytes or antibody-forming plasma cells
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| main function of major histocompatibility (MHC) protein is to serve as carrier for | processed foreign antigen fragments on the surface of cells to generate immune response
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| immune system response depends primarily on | lymphocytes & antigen-producing cells
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| type of T cells attack and destroy infected cells | cytotoxic
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| delayed hypersensitivity cells help suppress infections by | attracting macrophages, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
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| immunoglobulin that forms a complex pentamer is | IgM
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| Immunoglobulins contain how many light chains? | two
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| hypersensitivity reaction characterized by complement-activated & cell-tissue injury | Immune Complex Disease & Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
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| situations might make immune system suppression desirable | development of autoimmune disease, organ transplantation, & Rh hemolytic disease
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| method of immune system suppression that works primarily by destroying normal cells including lymphocytes is | radiation
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| Grafting of foreign tissue can provoke an immune response because the tissue contains | HLA antigens
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| autoimmune diseases of the connective tissues are characterized by | necrosis & degeneration of fibrous connective tissue
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| in response to displayed antigen-MHC Class II proteins by macrophage-like antigen processing cell | T cells having corresponding antigen receptors proliferate & form clone group of identical T cells
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| macrophages are activated when they | process & present antigen to T cells
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| macrophages secrete a cytokine that | stimulates T cells to proliferate
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| B lymphocytes have immunoglobulin molecules on their cell membranes functioning as | antigen receptors
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| the 2 major groups of T cells, regulator and effector T cells, | function together to regulate immune response & act against foreign antigens
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| regulator T cells are | T4 (CD4+) cells
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| T4 (CD4+) cells function as | helper & suppressor T cells
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| helper T cells promote immune response by | secreting cytokines that activate effector T cells & B cells
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| suppressor T cells promote immune response by | producing cytokines to inhibit excessive immune system stimulation
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| inhibits immune response & increases vulnerability to infection, i.e. AIDS | loss/destruction of helper T cells
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| cytotoxic & delayed hypersensitivity T cells are the two types of | effector T cells
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| T8 (CD8+) produce cytokines that destroy foreign/abnormal cells displaying antigen fragments combined with MHC Class I antigens | cytotoxic T cells
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| T4 (CD4+) respond to antigen processing cells presenting foreign antigen fragments combined w/MHC Class II antigens | delayed hypersensitivity T cells
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| delayed hypersensitivity T cells produce cytokines that activate & stimulate | macrophages, cytotoxic T cells, & NK cells
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| delayed hypersensitivity T cells stimulate macrophages to secrete | interferon & TNF
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| NK cells destroy virus infected cells & cancer cells through | cytokine-mediated cell destruction with no prior contact with antigen required
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| immune response genes | genes on chromosome 6 that control immune response to specific antigens
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| immune response genes regulate T & B cell proliferation in order to | regulate intensity of cell-mediated immune reaction & synthesis of antibody molecules
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| immune response genes influence likelihood of | acquiring autoimmune disease
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| classical pathway of complement activation triggered by | antigen-antibody interactions
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| alternate pathway of complement activation triggered by | bacterial cell wall material/products generated during inflammatory reactions
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| complement components interact to | mediate inflammation, coat surface of invading bacteria, & generate attack complex
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| attack complex | destroys target microorganism/abnormal cell by "punching holes" in cell membrane
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| immunoglobulins | antibody protein
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| immunoglobulins differ in size, chemical composition & molecular weight bit all have | same basic structure of 2 matched pairs of polypeptide chains joined by chemical bonds
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| variable part of the Ig molecule is | the "prong" end of the molecule, which is different in each antibody
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| immunoglobulins can only react with | specific antigen that induces its formation
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| the "handle" end of the Ig molecule does not combine with antigen by determines | other properties of antibody, such as ability to activate complement or fix to surface of cell membrane
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| IgM four-chain unit structure usually consists of | a cluster of five individual units
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| IgA four-chain unit structure usually consists of | a pair of units
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| antibody molecule junction of its constant & variable parts is | flexible, called hinged region
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| hinge region allows variable end of Y-shaped molecule to | adapt to configuration of antigen that it is binding
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| enzyme treatment of Ig | breaks a molecule into three fragments
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| variable region of Ig molecule treated with enzyme yields | two fragments called Fab fragments, antibody combining fragment
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| antibody combining fragment consists of | light chain & associated part of the heavy chain
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| after enzyme treatment the corresponding fragment, to Fab, is | constant region of molecule, called Fc fragment/constant fragment
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| IgM forms a large cluster efficient in combining with | large particle antigens, such as fungi
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| IgM is often called | a macroglobulin because of its large size & high molecular weight
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| IgM molecules can also be found as monomeric molecules attached to cell membrane surface of | B lymphocytes functioning as antigen receptors
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| IgG is the principle type of antibody molecule formed in response of | infectious agents
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| IgA produced by antibody-forming cells located in | respiratory & gastrointestinal mucosa & present in secretions of both
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| functions by forming antigen-antibody complexes that cannot be absorbed preventing | antigens from inducing sensitization
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| found in cell membranes of B lymphocytes & present in minute quantities in blood | IgD
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| present in small quantities of normal individuals blood, but concentrated in allergic individuals | IgE
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| immunity | resistance to disease
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| hypersensitivity | state of abnormal reactivity to foreign material
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| I: immediate hypersensitivity | IgE fix to mast cells & basophils; later contact w/antigen triggers mediator release & clinical manifestations
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| II: cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions | antibody binds to cell/tissue antigen, complement activated damaging cells, causing inflammation & destruction antibody-coated cell by phagocytosis
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| III: immune complex disease | circulating antigen-antibody complexes form, activating complement & causing inflammatory reaction
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| IV: delayed (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity | sensitized T cells release lymphokines attracting macrophages & other inflammatory cells
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| localized response: hay fever, food allergy; systemic response: bee sting anaphylaxis | I: immediate hypersensitivity
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| lupus erythematosus, RA, some types glomerulonephritis | III: immune complex disease
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| tuberculosis, fungus/parasitic infections, contact dermatitis | IV: delayed (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity
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| anaphylaxis | severe generalized IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction characterized by marked respiratory distress & fall in BP
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| atopic person | genetic predisposition to certain allergic conditions
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| allergen | substance capable of inducing allergic reaction in predisposed individual
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| desensitization | method of inducing diminished response to allergens by inducing formation of specific IgG & IgA antibodies
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| anaphylactoid reaction | hypersensitivity reaction resembling anaphylaxis but not caused by IgE antibodies
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| in Type I reaction IgE attaches to cell membrane by means of | Fc end (handle of fork) of molecule
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| in Type I reaction, upon 2nd exposure to sensitizing antigen, the antigen attaches to | free antibody combining sites (prongs of fork) on IgE molecules
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| in Type I reaction union of antigen & antibody cause | cells to release cytoplasmic granules filled w/histamine, prostaglandins & other potent chemical mediators
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| in Type I localized reactions are called | allergic reactions
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| in Type I systemic reactions are called | anaphylaxis
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| in an allergy the allergic manifestations are localized to | tissues exposed to allergens
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| desensitization induces formation of specific IgG & IgA antibodies which act by | combining w/allergen before can affix to cell-bound IgE & trigger release of mediators
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| prompt treatment with epinephrine & other appropriate agent is essential | anaphylaxis reaction
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| Mantoux skin test is used to detect | infection w/tubercle bacillus based on presence or absence of delayed hypersensitivity reaction to proteins of tubercle bacillus
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| only indicates prior infection w/organism & development of cell-mediated immunity; not indicative of active tuberculosis | Mantoux skin test
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| radiation, immunosuppressive drugs impeding cell division/function, adrenal corticosteroid hormones, & immunoglobulin preparations are | main types of immunosuppressive agents commonly used by physicians
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| exerts immunosuppressive effect by destroying lymphoid tissue | radiation
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| cytotoxic drugs | act by suppressing growth & division of lymphocytes
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| cytotoxic | producing cell necrosis or destruction
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| lymphoid tissue is especially susceptible to inhibitory effects of | cytotoxic drugs
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| antimetabolites | substance that competes with or replaces another substance (metabolite) required for cell growth/multiplication
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| cyclosporine | suppresses immune system in patient's receiving organ transplant
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| suppress inflammatory response, impair phagocytosis and inhibit protein synthesis | corticosteroids
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| act by interfering with generation of cytotoxic T cells, cytokines & autoantibodies | injections of immunoglobulins
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| rejection | immunologic process characterized by destruction of transplanted organ
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| certain HLA types appear to be associated with an increased susceptibility to | specific autoimmune diseases
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| many autoimmune diseases occur more frequently in | women
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| infection in person w/chronic autoimmune disease may cause | flare-ups of disease
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| manifestations of autoimmune disease depend on | which cells/tissue components are targeted for attack by the immune system
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| autoantibody-associated tissue injury results when antibodies become attached to cell membrane of | target cells, activating complement-mediated destruction, assisted by activated macrophages & killer lymphocytes
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| antigen & antibody may combine to form | immune complexes deposited in tissues & induce type of complement-mediated tissue injury
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| cell-mediated destruction of target tissues is caused by sensitized T lymphocytes that | secrete lymphokines, which generate destructive inflammatory reaction in target tissue/organ
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| instead of destroying target tissues, sometimes autoantibodies | derange function of target
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| group of diseases characterized by necrosis & degeneration of collagen fibers throughout body | connective-tissue/collagen diseases
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