CAS 14 Topic 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| show | CATCH-22:
Cleft palate, abnormal facial features, thymic aplasia → T-cell dysfunction/deficiency, cardiac defects: tetralogy of Fallot, VSD, many others, hypocalcemia: due to hypoparathyroidism, 22q11.2 describes the genetic microdeletion
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| show | A developmental defect in the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches.
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| What embryonic structures fail to fuse in patients with an anterior cleft palate? | show 🗑
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| show | Lateral palatine shelves, nasal septum. and medial palatine processes
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| What embryonic structures fail to fuse in a congenital cleft lip? | show 🗑
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| show | Lateral palatine shleves do not fuse with each other and the nasal septum
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| What teratogens are associated with cleft lip and palate development? | show 🗑
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| What is the anatomic landmark that separates anterior cleft palate defects from posterior cleft palate defects? | show 🗑
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| show | Unilateral cleft lips
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| show | A combination of both anterior and posterior palatal defects.
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| show | Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome)
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| show | Facial dysmorphism, cleft palate, cardiovascular anomalies, learning disabilities
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| show | Congenital heart disease
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| show | Weeks 4-6 of fetal development
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| Which type of immune system cell do patients with DiGeorge syndrome lack? | show 🗑
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| show | PCP and Candida
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| What is the outcome of parathyroid gland hypoplasia in DiGeorge syndrome? | show 🗑
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| show | Thymus and parathyroid glands
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| In addition to cardiac defects, chest X-ray of patients with DiGeorge syndrome classically shows what unique feature? | show 🗑
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| Why is perinatal mortality thought to increase in post-term infants? | show 🗑
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| What neonatal complications are associated with post-term infants? | show 🗑
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| show | A long, thin, small for gestational age infant with dry, peeling skin.
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| Why does fetal growth restriction occur in post-term infants? | show 🗑
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| What is the most common physical presentation of post-term infants? | show 🗑
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| How is post-term birth defined? | show 🗑
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| What is the optimal intervention for post-term births? | show 🗑
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| What are two general ways in which post-term infants can present? | show 🗑
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| show | Reichert's cartilage, which gives rise to the following structures: stapes, temporal styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn and upper body of hyoid bone
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| show | Cricothyroid muscle, soft palate muscles (except tensor veli palatini), pharyngeal muscles (except stylopharyngeus)
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| show | Intrinsic muscles of larynx (except cricothyroid), and upper muscles of the esophagus
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| Which muscles are derived from the mesoderm of pharyngeal arch 1? | show 🗑
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| show | Hydrocephalus, facial nerve palsies, facial abnormalities (e.g. cleft palate, small ears), cardiac abnormalities (e.g. transposition of the great vessels, tetralogy of Fallot), thymic & parathyroid abnormalities, and spontaneous abortion
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| Which bones are derived from the neural crest cells of pharyngeal arch 1? | show 🗑
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| show | Muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of the digastric, stylohyoid, and stapedius
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| show | The proximal portion of the right subclavian artery and the arch of the aorta
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| show | Greater horn and lower body of the hyoid bone
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| show | Stylopharyngeus muscle
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| What germ cell layers are contained within the pharyngeal arches? | show 🗑
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| show | Laryngeal cartilages (i.e., cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate)
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| Which 2 arteries are derived from the mesoderm of pharyngeal arch 2? | show 🗑
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| show | Maxillary artery
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| show | V2 (sensory branch only) and V3 of the trigeminal nerve
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| show | Ductus arteriosus and the pulmonary arteries
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| What cranial nerve supplies pharyngeal arch 6? | show 🗑
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| What structure is derived from the neural crest cells of pharyngeal arch 4? | show 🗑
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| show | Cranial nerve VII
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| Which arteries are derived from the mesoderm of pharyngeal arch 3? | show 🗑
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| What are the four embryonic components of the pharyngeal apparatus? | show 🗑
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| What is the Pierre Robin sequence? | show 🗑
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| show | Micrognathia (small mandible), glossoptosis (posteriorly displaced tongue), cleft palate (posteriorly displaced tongue prevents palatal closure), airway obstruction (due to prolapse of posteriorly displaced tongue)
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| show | Occurs secondary to a lack of neural crest cell migration into the 1st pharyngeal arch, resulting in facial malformations and mandibular hypoplasia.
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| What cranial nerve supplies the structures that develop from pharyngeal arch 4? | show 🗑
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| show | Lined by endoderm internally (aka pharyngeal pouches) and ectoderm externally.
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| show | Pharyngeal arch 5
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| What cranial nerve supplies the derivatives of pharyngeal arch 3? | show 🗑
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| show | Homeobox (HOX) genes
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| show | Retinoic acid (vitamin A)
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| How and where do branchial cleft cysts typically form? | show 🗑
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| show | Superior parathyroid glands (dorsal wing) and ultimobranchial body
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| show | Tympanic membrane
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| show | Along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
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| What structure is derived from pharyngeal pouch 2? | show 🗑
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| show | Pharyngeal groove/cleft 2 persists, forming a patent opening from the internal tonsillar area to the external neck
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| show | Become the temporary cervical sinus and are eventually obliterated due to expansion of mesenchyme of the 2nd arch.
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| What is the embryological fate of pharyngeal membranes 2, 3, and 4? | show 🗑
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| show | Eustachian tube, middle ear cavity, and mastoid air cells
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| What structure arises from pharyngeal groove/cleft 1? | show 🗑
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| show | Lateral regions of the neck
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| show | Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
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| show | Inferior parathyroid glands (dorsal wing) and thymus (ventral wing)
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| The palate receives sensory innervation from branches of which cranial nerve? | show 🗑
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| The tensor veli palatini is innervated by a branch of which cranial nerve? | show 🗑
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| Which muscle forms the bulge in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx known as the torus levatorius? | show 🗑
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| Which muscles both compose and have action on the soft palate? | show 🗑
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| What composes the anterior 2/3 of the palate? | show 🗑
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| What is the action and innervation of the musculus uvulae? | show 🗑
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| show | Hard palate
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| What is the function of the tensor veli palatini? | show 🗑
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| show | Acts to elevate the soft palate, effectively closing the oropharynx from the nasopharynx. It is innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X).
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| show | The oral and nasal cavities
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| The lesser palatine nerve relays sensory information from which region of the palate? | show 🗑
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| What congenital condition results from failed fusion of the palatine processes of the maxillae during development? | show 🗑
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| show | Kiesselbach's plexus
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| show | Anterior/inferior quadrant of the nasal septum
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| show | Anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery (from the ophthalmic artery), sphenopalatine artery (a terminal branch of the maxillary artery), superior labial artery (from the facial artery), greater palatine artery (a terminal branch of the maxillary artery)
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| show | The superior border of the nasal septum (roof)
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| What is found on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity? | show 🗑
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| show | Warm and humidify air during inhalation
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| Is anterior or posterior epistaxis the most common site of severe hemorrhage? | show 🗑
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| From which artery does posterior epistaxis most commonly arise? | show 🗑
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| show | Aspirin
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| show | Cystic fibrosis
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