PMI-VTT Anamoty 235 Final Exam
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| What is the ratio of formalin to soft tissue? | 10:1
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| List the steps included in a patient's signalment? | Name, age, sex, breed, color, species, owner's name
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| List the 4 types of body tissues | Connective, epithelial, nervous, muscle
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| What is the ratio of formalin to bone? | 20:1
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| List 3 types of epithelial tissue | Simple Squamous, Simple Cuboidal, Simple Columnar, Stratified Squamous, Stratified Cuboidal, Pseudostratified, Columnar, Transitional, Glandular
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| ___ relys on connective tissue to supply oxygen & nutrients, and lacks blood vessels and capillaries. | Epithelial tissue
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| ___ produces mucus | Goblet cells
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| _____ are found only in the bladder. | Transitional epithelial cells
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| what are 3 types of connective tissue? (not blood or bone) | Cartilage, Dense, & loose
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| List 3 locations where simple squamous epithelial tissue can be found? | Capillaries, alveoli, kidneys, Parital & Vasceral Pleura, & Parietal & Visceral Peritoneum
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| Connective tissue is made of what 3 elements? | Fibers, cells, matrix (protein fibers embedded in fluid)
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| This white tissue connects skin to organs? | Areola
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| List 3 types of dense connective tissue and where they can be found. | Dense regular, dense irregular, elastic. Can be found in heart valves & bone periosteum
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| What is the most abundant type of cartlige found in the body? | Hyaline, the weakest form
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| What are the 3 types of muscle? | Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac
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| Histamine & Heprin are produced by what? | Mast Cells
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| Produced by ___________, this tough, fibrous, waterproof protein gives skin it's strengh. | Keratinocytes
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| Found in the deepest epidermal layers, this produces melanin which is absorbed by keratinocytes. | Melanocytes
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| This cell originates in the bone, stimulates aspects of the immune system and is specific to the epidermis. | Langerhans cell
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| believed to aid in sensation of touch, this cell is found at the epidermal-dermal junction. | Merkel cell
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| Sebum is composed of? | Mixture of fats, cholesterol, proteins and inorganic salts.
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| this gland use ducts & follicles to secrete it's substances. | Sebaceous glands (sweat glands)
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| Eccrine sweat glands use ___ to reach the surface of the skin. | ducts
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| Apocrine sweat glands use ___ to reach the surface of the skin. | hair follicle
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| How does Vitamin D Synthesis work? | Liver and kidneys help convert UV light to calcitriol, (active form of Vit. D), which aids in the absorption of calcium.
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| This epithelial cell can be found in the respiratory tract | Pseudostratified Columnar
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| Cubodial epithelial cells can be found where? | Exocrine glands
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| This cell produces mucus and is found in the GI tract. | Goblet cells
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| theses cells make up the skin & mucus membranes | Stratified squamous
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| These cells line the small intestine. | Simple columnar
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| ___ connects muscle to bone? | Tendons
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| The most prominent aponeurosis is the? | Linea Alba
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| Site of muscle attachment that is more stable. | Origin
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| The site of muscle attachment that undergoes the most movement during contraction. | Insertion
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| Muscle fibers store glucose as _____ and oxygen as ______. | glycogen, myoglobin
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| What are the two types of smooth muscle? | viceral & multiunit smooth muscle
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| Latissimus dorsi- | flexes the shoulder
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| Brachiocephalicus- | advances the limb or draws the head laterally
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| Superficial pectoral- | adducts and advances the limb
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| Brachialis- | flexes the elbow
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| Triceps brachii- | extends the elbow, the long head flexes the shoulder.
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| Diaphragm- | separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities, main muscle of respiration.
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| Superficial Gluteal- | abducts the limb.
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| Semimembranosus- | Inserts into the femur & tibia.
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| Semitendinosus- | Inserts into the tibia.
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| Lies above the vertebral column and supports the spine. | Epaxials
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| Smooth muscle can be found in what locations? | In the walls of hollow organs, small blood vessels, Air passageways in the lungs & iris & ciliary body of the eye.
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| ____ creates a funnel to collect sound wave vibrations and directs them to the eardrum. | Pinna (external ear)
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| What is the function of the middle ear? | Amplify and transmit the vibrations from the eardrum.
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| ____ contains the sensory receptors that convet mechanical vibrations to nerve impulses. | inner ear
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| What are the 3 ossicles? | Malleus, incus, stapes
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| Humans and pigs lack what part of the eye? | Tapetum lucidum, reflective layer at the rear of the eye formed by the choroid; provides ability to have "night vision"
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| The location where the image is formed, sensed & converted to a nerve impulse. | Retina
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| The transparent "window" that admits light into the eye. | Cornea
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| The lens is held in place by what? | Ciliary body
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| ____ is the white portion of the eye? | Sclera
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| ____ is the colored ring of the eye? | Iris
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| _____ is the opening at the center of the eye? | Pupal
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| Rods & Cones are located where? | Retina
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| Equalibrium is controlled by what? | Vestibule & semi-circular canals
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| Cones are? | More sensitive to color and detail
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| Rods are? | More sensitive to light and produce a grainy image in shades of gray.
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| List 4 types of stimuli. | Mechanical (touch, hearing, balance), thermal (hot,cold), electromagnetic (vision), chemical (taste, smell)
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| What are the 5 pain classifications? | Superficial, Deep, Visceral, Acute, Chronic
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| Define proprioception | A sense of body position and movement.
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| Sense of taste. | Gustatory
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| The majority of taste buds are located where? | On the sides of the papillae of the tongue.
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| Sense of smell. | Olfactory sense
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| Sense of hearing | Auditory sense
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| What are the parts of the external ear? | Pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane
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| What are the parts of the middle ear? | Temporal bones, 3 ossicles, tympanic membrane, cochlea, air, eustachian tubeOssicles link the tympanic membrane to the cochlea
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| What is the eustachian/auditory tube? | Connects the middle ear cavity to the pharynx, to equalize air pressure on either side of the ear drum.
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| Within the cochlea is the fluid-filled ____ , (containing endolymph) which is the receptor organ of hearing. | organ of corti
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| The mechanical sense that controls balance? | Equalibrium
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| Located medially between the eyelids and the eyeball | Nictitating Membrane
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| The ______ produces tears, located dorsal and lateral to each eye inside the bony orbits protecting the eye. | Lacrimal glands
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| Condition when the lower eye lid is excessiveand droops outward. | Ectropion
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| Ectropion is common in what breeds? | Bassets, Bloodhounds, Cockers, English bulldogs, & St. Bernards.
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| A condition when the lower eye lid droops over the lower orbital rim and inverts. | Entropion
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| Breeds predisposed to Entropion are? | Collies, Great Danes, Irish setters, Dobies, Golden retrievers, Rotties, & Weimaraners.
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| Name the 2 digestive enzymes found in saliva. | Alamayse & lipase
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| Peristolisis is what funciton? | the contractions used to move food down the esophagus and intestines.
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| List the 5 parts of the stomach in order. | Cardiac sphincter, fundus, body, pylorus, pyloric sphincter
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| The colon, aka large intestine has 3 parts, what are they? | Acending, transverse, and decending colon
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| G-cells secrete what? | Gastrin
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| Parietl cells produce what enzyme | Hydrochloric acid (HCL)
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| Cheif cells are responsibe for the production of what digestive enzyme? | Pepsinogen
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| This digestive liquid is created in the liver and stored in the _____________? | Bile, gall bladder
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| Which gland secretes insulin and glycogen? | Pancreas
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| What are the 4 functional parts of the kidney (in order)? What is it called? | Renal corpusle, PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT; Nephron
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| Ethylene Glycol toxicity is caused from? What are the minimun doses for a dog? Cat? | Antifreeze; dog = 4.4-6.6mg/kg; cat = 1.4mg/kg
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| Diabetes Insibidus is caused by a decrease in the production of this? | Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)
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| Diabetes Mellitus is caused by a decrease in the production of this? | Insulin
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| These hormones regulate the fluid levels in the body. | ADH & Aldosterone
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| Urine specifc gravity that is close to or equal to that of water would indicate? | Isothenuria
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| ___ is a buildip of toxins in the body. | Azotemia
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| What would you expect to see under microscope observation of a urinary test with a positive nitrate. | Bacteria
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| List the five "C's" | Critters, casts, crystals, cells, CRAP
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| ____ casts are the most commy type seen. | Granular Casts
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| Crystal formatin is the bladder is highly dependent on what 3 factors? | pH level & diet
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| You immature sperm are called ____ and are produced in the _______. | Grem cells, testies
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| Sperm mature into adults in the ____. | Semi-nephrous tubules
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| The production of testosterone takes place in the?? | Testicles
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| This chemical stimulates the creation of testosterone. | Leutinizing Hormone (LH)
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| This hormone stimulates the creation of sperm. | Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
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| This gland controls the estrous cycle. | Pituitary Gland
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| The follicle produces what hormone? | Estrogen
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| The release of this hormone causes ovulation to occur. | Leutinizing Hormone (LH)
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| What are the gestation periods of the dog & cat? | Dog = 57-63 days; cat = 65 days
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| The Corups Lutem produces ____ which maintains pregnancy. | Progesterone
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| The post-pituitary gland produces ___ when in the presence of estrogen causes uterine contractions? | Oxytocin
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| The Anterior-pituitary gland produces ___ which controls milk produciton and maintains the CL duing pregnancy. | Prolactin
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| List 6 major Endocrine glands. | Ovaries, testies, adrenal gland, thyroid, pituitary, kidneys, pancreas
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| What six hormones are produced by the Anterior Pituitary Gland? | LH, FSH, ACTH, GH, Prolactin, & TSH
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| The _______ does not secrete hormones but stores ___ & ___? | Posterior Pituitary Gland; ADH & Oxytocin
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| The thyroid & para-thyroid glands produce what 3 hormones? | T3, T4 & Calcitonin
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| ___, _____ & ____ are produced by the Adrenal cortex. | Glucocorticoid, Mineralocorticoid, & sex hormones
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| List the 3 glucocorticoids. | Cortisone, cortisol, & corticosterone
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| Aldosterone is a ____. | Mineralocorticoid
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| The "Fight or Flight response" is controlled by ___ & ____ produced by _____. | Epinephrine, Norepinephrine; Adrenal Medulla
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| Increased production of cortisol is an indication of what disease? | Cushing's Disease
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| A decrease in cortisol production is an indication of what disease? | Addison's Disease
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| What are the 4 heart chambers? | Right & left Atrium, Right & left ventricle
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| Which vessel brings deoxygenated blood into the heart? | Vena Cava
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| What valve seperates the right atrium & ventricle? | Tricuspid valve
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| Which valve seperates the left atrium & left ventricle? | Bicuspid valve
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| Which chamber receives oxygenaged blood from the lungs? | Left atrium
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| Which vessel pumps oxygenated blood from the heart into the body? | Aorta
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| Which valve seperates the aorta & the left ventricle? | Aortic semilunar valve
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| The other name for the "Pace-maker" of the heart? | Sinoatrial Node (SA node)
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| What are the 2 layers of the pericardium? | Fibrous (outer) & Serious (inner)
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| The "Lub" sound is produced by which valve? | Tricuspid & mitral valves (R & L AV)
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| The "Dub" sound is produced by which valve? | Semi-lunar valves
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| The "contraction" of the cardiac muscle is? | Systole (depolarization)
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| The period of relaxation is called? | Dyastole (repolarization)
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| What is Cardiac output? | The amount of blood that leaves the heart.
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| Cardiac output is determined by ____ & _____. | Stroke volume & heart rate
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| The electrical impulse travels from the AV node,to the specialized fibers in the ventricles called ___ & the ___. | the bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
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| Define DEPOLARIZATION: | A heart muscle contraction in response to electrical stimuli.
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| Define REPOLARIZATION: | heart muscle relaxation occurs when the electrolytes move back across the cell membrane rendering the cell ready for the next electrical impulse.
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| What joins vessels between arteries and veins to form an extensive network? | Capillaries, allow gas and nutrient exchange
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| Define phonation: | Voice production
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| ___ stretch across the lumen of the larynx and vibrate as air passes over them. | Vocal cords
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| The ___ & ____ separate the nasal passages from the mouth. | Hard & soft palates
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| Thin, scroll-like bones that help warm and humidify inspired air. | Turbinates
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| The larynx is supported in place by the ___. | hyoid bone
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| The trachea is composed of ____ ___ and ___ ___ held open by ___ ___rings. | fibrous tissue, smooth muscle, hyline cartilage
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| External respiration takes place in? | The alveoli
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| The mediastinum contains? | Heart, large lung vessels, nerves, trachea, Esophagus, Lymphatic vessels & lymph nodes
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| The left lung has how many lobes? | 2 lobes
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| The right lung has how many lobes? | 4 lobes (cranial, middle, caudal & accessory)
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| The amount of air inspired and expired in one breath | Tidal Volume
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| The amount of volume inspired and expired in one minute. | Minute Volume
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| Spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm accompanied by sudden closure of the glottis. | Hiccups
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| Composed of the brain and spinal cord. | Central nervous system (CNS)
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| Consists of cord-like nerves that link the CNS with the rest of the body. | Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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| Structurally and functionally supports and protects neurons. | Glial cells
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| Receive stimuli, or impulses, from other neurons and conduct the stimulation to the cell body. | Dendrites
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| Conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body toward another neuron or effecter cell. | Axons
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| The basic functional units of the nervous system and has a high requirement for oxygen. | Neurons
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| Nerves of the PNS that originate directly from the brain. | Cranial Nerves
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| Nerves of the PNS that originate from the spinal cord. | Spinal Nerves
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| The ___ is the junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell. | synapse
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| List the three Catacholamines | Norepinepherine, Epinepherine, Dopamine
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| Associated with the “fight-or-flight” reactions of the sympathetic nervous system. | Norepinepherine
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| Released primarily from the adrenal medulla to participate in the “fight-or-flight” response. | Epinepherine
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| Involved in autonomic functions and muscle control, Low ___ = Parkinson’s disease. | dopamine
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| List the sections of the brain. | Cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord, pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus
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| Responsible for higher-order behaviors (example: learning) | Cerebrum
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| Allows the body to have coordinated movement. | Cerebellum
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| Diencephalon houses ___ that regulates hormone production and release. | pituitary gland
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| Interface between the nervous and endocrine systems, regulates temperature, hunger & thurst. | Hypothalamus
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| Involved in the control of functions like swallowing, vomiting, blood pressure, & respiration. | Brainstem
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| Separates the capillaries in the brain from the nervous tissue. Stops drugs from effecting the brain, but allows to work on the body. | Blood-brain barrier
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| lymph node is divided into a ___ and a ___. | cortex & medulla
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| Locations of palpable lymph nodes? | Submandibular, Parotid, Superficial cervical, Inguinal, Popliteal
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| Organs of the lymphatic system? | Spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, tonsils, GALT
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| What is GALT | Gut-Associated Lymph Tissue, 25% of the intestinal mucosa and submucosa
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| These cells kill many types of tumor cells and tissue cells that have been invaded by viruses. | Natural killer cells
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| Responsible for cell-mediated immunity and activating B-cells | T-cells
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| Most of the lymphocytes in peripheral blood are? | T-cells
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| Each ___ is preprogrammed to produce only one specific antibody type against one specific antigen. | B-cell
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| ___ are ultimately responsible for antibody production. | B-cells
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| What are Kupffer cells? | filter bacteria in the liver, liver specific
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| The liver metabolizes carbs by converting excess glucose into ___ for storage. | glycogen
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| Glycogenolysis is under the influence of the hormone. | Glucagon
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| ____ is one of the most important alpha globulins produced by the liver. | Prothrombin
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| What are the structures of the urinary tract? | Kidneys, ureters, bladder & urethra
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| Function of the diuresis is under the control of? | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone
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| erythropoietin & prostaglandins are produced by what organ? | Kidneys
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| Osmosis- | the passage of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a weaker to a stronger solution.
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| Diffusion- | the passage of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
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| Glucose threshold of a dog? Cat? | Dogs: 180 mg/dl Cats: 240 mg/ml
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| ___ & ___ are responsible for the majority of urine volume regulation. | aldosterone & ADH
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