AP Human Geo Chapter 8 Vocabulary
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| State | A sovereign territory, recognized as a country by other states under international law. A state has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and is recognized by other states.
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| Territoriality | Sense of ownership and attachment to a specific territory.
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| Peace of Westphalia | Treaties negotiated in 1648 that formally recognized the sovereignty of states.
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| Sovereignty | The legal authority to have the last say over a territory. Under international law, states are sovereign.
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| Territorial integrity | Right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states.
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| Colonialism | Physically taking over a territory and people and controlling the economy and government.
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| Nation | A group of people with a shared past and common future who relate to each other and share a common political goal.
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| Imagined community | A socially constructed identity that is imagined because the people in the group will never meet each other and simply believe they have a similarity and shared connection.
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| Nation-state | A nation (people) and a state (country) who share the same borders.
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| Multinational state | State (country) with more than one nation (people).
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| Multistate nation | Nation (people) that stretches across states (countries).
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| Stateless nation | A nation that does not have a state.
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| First wave of colonialism | From the late 1400s to 1850s, when Europeans colonized the Americas and coastal Africa.
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| Second wave of colonialism | From the 1850s to 1960s, when Europeans colonized Africa and Asia in the context of the industrial revolution.
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| World-Systems Theory | Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in and economic wealth in the periphery is inextricably linked to the core.
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| Capitalism | Economic system where people, corporations, and states produce goods and services and trade them on the world market with the goal of making a profit.
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| Commodification | Transformation of goods and services into products that can be bought, sold, or traded.
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| Core | Places in the world economy where core processes dominate.
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| Periphery | Places in the world economy where periphery processes dominate.
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| Semi-periphery | Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery.
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| Centripetal forces | In nationalism, attributes of a nation that can be activated or manipulated to unite the nation, such as national iconography, patriotism, shared culture and history, or common religion or ideology.
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| Centrifugal forces | In nationalism, attributes of a nation that can be activated or manipulated to divide the nation, such as unequal distribution of wealth, or religious, linguistic, ethnic, and ideological differences.
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| Unitary states | A state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state.
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| Federal states | A state where governmental authority is shared among a central government and various other smaller, regional authorities.
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| Devolution | Transfer of power from central government to regional or local government within a state (country).
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| Democracy | Government by the people where the people are sovereign and have the final say over what happens within a state.
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| Reapportionment | Redistribution of representatives based on population change. For example, seats in the U.S. House of Representatives are reapportioned across states after each census before each state redistricts.
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| Splitting | A redistricting practice where a minority population is divided across districts to ensure the majority population controls each district (also called dilution).
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| Majority-minority districts | Electoral district where the majority of the people in the district are from a minority group.
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| Gerrymandering | Manipulating electoral districts to give one political party unfair advantage.
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| Boundary | A plane that stretches beneath the subsoil and into the airspace that legally divides two countries.
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| Geometric boundaries | Political boundaries defined and delimited (and occasionally demarcated) as a straight line or an arc.
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| Physical-political boundaries | Political boundary defined by a prominent physical feature in the physical landscape, such as a riverbank or the crest of a mountain range.
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| Heartland theory | British geographer Halford Mackinder’s theory that a political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world.
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| Unilateralism | World order in which one state is in a position of global dominance.
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| Deterritorialization | Movement of economic, social, and cultural processes out of the hands of states (countries).
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| Reterritorialization | When a local culture shapes an aspect of popular culture as their own, adopting the popular culture to their local culture.
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| Supranational organizations | An organization of three or more states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. For example, the European Union is one such organization.
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| Mercantilism | An early form of capitalism based on trading large quantities of goods, using gold and silver as currencies.
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