Cardiovascular System (Blood)
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| If an individual's erythrocytes exhibit antigen D, the person is said to be Rh negative True or False | False
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| The exchange of fluid between blood and interstitial fluid is primarily determined by the distribution of _____ between these fluids | Ions and proteins
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| In a patient, the differential count shows neutrophil levels are very high, This may indicate a(n) | bacterial infection
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| Release histamine, which promotes inflammation | Basophils
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| The cytoplasm is a thin ring around the nucleus | Lymphocytes
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| Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain bright red with eosin. | Eosinophils
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| The most common type of white blood | Neutrophils
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| Two- to four-lobed nuclei | Neutrophils
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| Enlarge and become macrophages which engulf foreign substance | Monocytes
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| Contain large cytoplasmic granules that stain dark blue or purple with basic dyes | Basophils
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| Factor that is the initial stimulus for the release of EPO | A decrease in blood oxygen
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| Plasma is composed of about ____% water | 92%
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| Component of whole blood that plays the greatest role in maintaining normal fluid levels in the cardiovascular system and preventing fluid loss | Plasma
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| Approximately 5 million cells per microliter (μL) of blood | Red blood count (RBC)
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| Approximately 16 grams (g)/100mL of blood | Hemoglobin
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| Approximately 46% of the total blood volume | Hematocrit
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| Approximately 7000 cells per microliter of blood | White blood count (WBC)
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| 250,000-400,000 per microliter of blood | Platelet
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| The "buffy coat" consists of | Leukocytes and platelets
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| The first stage of hemostasis is _________, where the damaged blood vessel constricts suddenly | Vascular spasm
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| A simple protein that makes up approximately 58% of the plasma proteins. Many act as transport molecules | Albumin
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| A simple protein that makes up approximately 38% of the plasma proteins. Many act as part of the immune system | Globulin
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| A protein that forms blood clots | Fibrin
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| Plasma without the clotting factors | Serum
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| The liquid portion of blood connective tissue | Plasma
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| The most abundant formed elements of blood is/are | Erythrocytes
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| Function of platelets | Platelets secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting
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| About 95% of the volume of the formed elements; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide | Red blood cells (RBCs)
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| Most of the remaining 5% of the volume of the formed elements; are involved in immunity | White blood cells (WBCs) [Leukocytes]
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| Tiny cell fragments involved in blood clotting | Platelets [Thrombocytes]
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| The red pigmented protein in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide is called | Hemoglobin
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| Under the microscope, a leukocyte has a bilobed nucleus and pink granules in the cytoplasm. This is probably a(n) | Eosinophil
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| Platelets are formed from | Pieces of the megakaryocyte breaking off
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| The cell fragments that are a component of blood are | Platelets
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| Leukocytes enter the tissues from blood vessels by a process called _____________ when they squeeze between endothelial cells of the blood vessel walls | Diapedesis
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| When erythrocytes are removed from circulation, the iron of hemoglobin is transported in the blood by the globulin protein____________ and stored in the liver by the protein _________ | Transferrin; ferritin
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| Identify the substances transported by blood | Waste products
Ions
Formed elements
Dissolved materials
Hormones
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| Blood helps regulate body temperature by absorbing heat from body cells, especially the heat producing _________ ________ and releases the heat primarily through the blood vessels | skeletal muscle
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| Which components of whole blood provide protective functions for the body? | Plasma
Leukocytes
Platelets
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| Compared to water, blood ________ | is more viscous
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| The general classes of cell components of whole blood are ______ | Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
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| Plasma is ______% of whole blood | 55%
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| Formed elements are ______% of whole blood | 45%
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| Erythrocytes are _______% of whole blood | 44%
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| Leukocytes and platelets are ______% of whole blood | <1%
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| "The percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood" is the __________definition of hematocrit, whereas "the percentage of formed elements in whole blood" is the ________ definition of hematocrit | clinical; medical dictionary
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| Identify components of plasma that will be found in similar concentrations to that of interstitial fluid | Electrolytes
Waste products
Nurtrients
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| The plasma proteins most important for maintaining fluid balance in the cardiovascular system are the ________ | Albumins
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| Following trauma to the walls of blood vessels, __________ is converted into long, insoluble strands of _________, which help form a blood clot | Fibrinogen; Fibrin
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| As they pass through small blood vessels, erythrocytes may pack together, single-file, like a roll of coins; this formation is called __________ | A rouleau (rouleaux)
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| An average of about _____% of erythrocytes are removed from circulation per day | 1%
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| The cells in the organs that remove old and/or damaged erythrocytes are called ____________ | Macrophages
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| When erythrocytes are removed from circulation, the globin proteins _______________ | are broken down to amino acids, which can be used to make erythrocytes or any other protein
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| The erythrocytes of an individual who is Rh negative (Rh) ________ antigen D. | do not have
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| Description of: Type O+ Blood | Anti-A antibodies, anti-B antibodies, Rh antigen D
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| Description of: Type AB+ Blood | ABO antigen A, ABO antigen B, Rh antigen D
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| Description of: Type A- Blood | ABO antigen A, anti-B antibodies
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| Description of: Type B+ Blood | ABO antigen B, anti-A antibodies, Rh antigen D
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| Description of: Type O- Blood | Anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies
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| Description of: Type AB- Blood | ABO antigen A, ABO antigen B
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| Description of: Type A+ Blood | ABO antigen A, anti-B antibodies, Rh antigen D
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| Description of: Type B- Blood | ABO antigen B, anti-A antibodies
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| _________ are Y-shaped proteins that are designed to recognize and immobilize specific antigens that are perceived as foreign to the body | Antibodies
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| To test compatibility of blood types between a donor and a recipient, a specific blood test called a(n) ____________ test must be performed | Agglutination
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| In a healthy adult, ____________% of leukocytes will by lymphocytes | 20-40%
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| The five types of leukocytes in order form most to least abundant: Neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophil | 1. Neutrophils
2. Lymphocytes
3. Monocytes
4. Eosinophils
5. Basophils
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| In a healthy adult, _______% of leukocytes will be eosinophils | 1-4%
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| A neutrophil is about _____ times larger in diameter than an erythrocyte; is named for its neutral or pale-staining _________; and has a light iliac colored ________ | 1.5; granules; cytoplasm
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| The function(s) of eosinophils is to ____________. | phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens
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| When an erythrocyte is removed from circulation, the iron ion of hemoglobin ____________. | is transported by transferrin to the liver or bone marrow
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| Leukocytes and plasma proteins protects the body against potentially harmful substances which are also part of the ___________ system | immune
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| The formed elements in order form most to least abundant per unit of whole blood is _______________ | erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes
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| The plasma component least likely, under normal conditions to be present in the same amount in interstitial fluid is ___________ | protein
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| __________ exert the greatest colloid osmotic pressure to maintain blood volume and blood pressure | Albumin
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| Erythrocytes circulate in the bloodstream for approximately __________. | 120 days
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| In the blood of a healthy adult, _______% of leukocytes will be neutrophils | 50-70%
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| The least abundant white blood cell in circulating blood is the ________ | Basophil
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| In a neutrophil you would find a ____________ | 2-5 lobed nucleus with iliac-colored cytoplasm
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| Most leukocytes release molecules that facilitate their role as defenders of the body. The type of substance released by eosinophils is(are) ______________ | Substances that attack parasitic worms
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| When a person's eosinophil count is elevated, it is most likely because they have recently _________ Been infected by a parasitic worm Had an allergic reaction Had the flu Had a heart attack Had a bacterial or viral infection | Been infected by a parasitic worm
Had an allergic reaction
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| Basophils are about _________ times larger in diameter than erythrocytes, and while erythrocytes are the most abundant formed elements, basophils are the _______ abundant | 2; least
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| When a person's basophil count is elevated, it is most likely because they have recently _______ Been infected by a parasitic worm Had an allergic reaction Had the flu Had a heart attack Had a bacterial or viral infection | had an allergic reaction
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| An increase in small blood vessel diameter, called __________, and in permeability that occur when basophils release _________ may be accompanied by swollen nasal membranes, watery eyes and runny nose | Vasodilation, histamine
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| When a person's lymphocyte count is elevated, they have recently ____________ Been infected by a parasitic worm Had an allergic reaction Had the flu Had a heart attack Been infected by foreign cells | Been infected by foreign cells
Had the flu
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| Most leukocytes release molecules that facilitate their role as defenders of the body. They type of substance released by lymphocytes is(are) _____________ | antibodies and molecules that coordinate immune responses
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| Three main types of lymphocytes are ____________ cells, ____________ cells, and natural __________ cells. | T; B; killer
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| In a healthy adult, monocytes constitute about ________% of total leukocytes | 2-8
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| Conditions that may result in an elevation in the number of leukocytes in the bloodstream include __________. exposure to a bone marrow-damaging toxin a recent infection stress | a recent infection
stress
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| _____________ represent a malignant transformation of a leukocyte cell line, and as abnormal leukocytes increase in number, the erythrocytic lines typically decrease in numbers | Leukemia
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| Leukemia __________. is cancer or malignancy in leukocyte-forming stem cells is characterized by abnormal proliferation of while blood cells involves only leukocytes that develop from the myeloid stem cell | is cancer or malignancy in leukocyte-forming stem cells
is characterized by abnormal proliferation of while blood cells
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| The alternate medical term for 'platelet' is _________ | thrombocyte
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| The precursor cell from which platelets are derived or formed is called a __________ | megakaryocyte
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| The function of lymphocytes is to _________. Phagocytize pathogens, cellular debris, and dead cells Attack abnormal body cells Phagocytize pathogens, especially bacteria Coordinate immune responses Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens | Attack abnormal body cells
Coordinate immune responses
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| The nucleus of a basophil is best described as ______________. | Bilobed, obscured by blue-violet dark-staining cytoplasmic granules
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| In a healthy adult, basophils constitute about _________% of total leukocytes | 0.5-1
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| The primary classification of leukemias is based on their rate of development and duration; those that progress rapidly are called ______________ leukemias, and those that develop and progress more slowly are called _______________ leukemias | acute; chronic
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| Platelets are produced in the ____________. | red bone marrow
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| Plasma protein that is 58% of plasma protein total | Albumin
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| Plasma protein that is 37% of plasma protein total | Globulins
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| Plasma protein that is 4% of plasma protein total | Fibrinogen
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| Plasma protein that is <1% of plasma protein total | Regulatory proteins
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| ________________ contribute to the transport function of blood Albumins Beta globulins Regulatory proteins Fibrinogens Alpha globulins Gamma globulins | Albumins
Beta globulins
Regulatory proteins
Alpha globulins
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| The liquid portion of whole blood is called _________; the liquid portion of blood that has had clotting proteins removed is called _________ | plasma; serum
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| The conversion of fibrinogen to _______ is the critical step in the formation of a blood clot | fibrin
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| Plasma contains ___________ but serum does not | Fibrinogen
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| Order the steps of hemostasis: Coagulation phase Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation | Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation phase
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| Hemoglobin ______ is a pigment is suspended in the cytosol of erythrocytes is found in the erythrocyte plasma membrane is a protein gives erythrocytes their shape transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide | is a pigment
is suspended in the cytosol of erythrocytes
is a protein
transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide
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| When some oxygen has been delivered to tissues and some carbon dioxide has been picked up, blood ___________ | is deep red in color
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| The binding of ______________ to hemoglobin gives arterial blood its bright red color | oxygen
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| A hemoglobin molecule consists of two polypeptides called ______________ chains (globins) and two polypeptides called _____________ chains (globins. | alpha; beta
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| ___________ describes the method called 'blood doping' | Self-donation of erythrocytes
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| Each hemoglobin molecule can transport a maximum of __________ oxygen molecules | four
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| Carbon dioxide binds to the globin protein molecule as blood moves through ______________ capillaries and is released as blood moves through the __________ capillaries | systemic, lung
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| A ____________ is the initial stimulus for the release of EPO | Decrease in blood oxygen
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| Who has a higher hematocrit? Males or Females | Males
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| Which type of anemia is described as: Characterized by a higher circulating number of immature, nucleated erythroblasts | Erythroblastic anemia
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| Which type of anemia is described as: An autosomal recessive mutation causes an altered shape in hemoglobin, and thus erythrocytes, which are more prone to hemolysis | Sickle cell disease
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| Which type of anemia is described as: Often genetically determined, malformation of erythrocyte membrane proteins | Congenital hemolytic anemia
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| When a unit of blood is donated, the blood is ________. Tested for hep. and AIDS Frozen, after testing, until needed Separated so that the erythrocytes, platelets, and clotting factors can be used for more than 1 recipient Treated w/ an anticoagulant | Tested for hep and AIDS
Separated so that the erythrocytes, platelets, and clotting factors can be used for more than 1 recipient
Treated w/ an anticoagulant
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| If the plasma of a blood sample contains the anti-B, and not the anti-A antibodies, the ABO blood type is ______. | A
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| A blood sample containing erythrocytes with neither surface antigen A nor surface antigen B on the plasma membrane is ABO blood type _____. | O
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| Antibodies to Rh antigen D will be found in the plasma _________ of an Rh+ individual but not in the plasma of an Rh- individual without prior exposure to an antigen the individual does not posses. In an Rh- individual who has been exposed to Rh+ blood | in an Rh- individual who has been exposed to Rh+ blood
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| The consequences of the clumping of erythrocytes in an agglutination reaction include ___? | Blockage of small blood vessels by the clumps
Hemolysis or rupture of the erythrocytes
Impedance of blood flow by by the clumped erythrocytes
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| The greatest risk for severe illness and even death of an unborn fetus occurs when? 2nd pregnancy, Rh- mom with second Rh+ fetus 2nd pregnancy, Rh- mom with second Rh+ fetus 2nd pregnancy, Rh- mom with second Rh+ fetus | 2nd pregnancy, Rh- mother with second Rh+ fetus
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| The red color of arterial blood is due to the presence of ___________ hemoglobin in erythrocytes | Hemoglobin
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| After delivering some oxygen to body cells, blood is no longer saturated with oxygen and is said to be ________. | Deoxygenated
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| Patients who are anemic may be prescribed a synthetic hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis that their kidneys no longer make enough of. This hormone is often abused by endurance athletes to boost their oxygen-carrying capacity. This hormone is _______ | Erythropoietin
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| The ability of hemoglobin to transport carbon dioxide is the result of a weak association between carbon dioxide and _______. | The globin protein
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| What is erythropoietin? | It stimulates development of erythrocytes
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| Antibodies to antigens of the ABO antigens may be present _______. | Without prior exposure to an antigen the individual does not possess
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| Transfusion of a blood type incompatible with that of the recipient causes a chain reaction called ________, in which the recipient's _________ link and clump the donated ___________. | agglutination; antibodies; erythrocytes
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| What formed element(s) develops from a Hemocytoblast? | All formed elements
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| What formed element(s) develops from a Myeloid stem cell? | Erythrocytes, granulocytes, platelets, monocytes
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| What formed element(s) develops from a Lymphoid stem cell? | Leukocytes of the immune response
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| Correctly spell the name of each type of formed element _________, __________, and __________ | erythrocyte; leukocyte; platelet
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| Order the events during intrinsic pathway to coagulation: Factor XI changes inactive factor IX to active factor IX Platelets release factor XII Factor VIII changes inactive factor X to active factor X | Platelets release factor XII
Factor XI changes inactive factor IX to active factor IX
Factor VIII changes inactive factor X to active factor X
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| By weight, plasma is approximately _____% protein and 92% water; other substances such as electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and wastes make up a little less than ___% of plasma | 8; 1
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| Blood is described based on which of the following characteristics? pH, Viscosity, Color, Plasma Concentration, Mass, Volume Temperature | pH,
Viscosity,
Color,
Plasma Concentration,
Volume
Temperature
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| __________ have specific granules in their cytosol that are clearly visible when viewed with a microscope | Granulocytes
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| True or False Clotting factor numbers are in order of their discovery and not their position in the clotting pathway | True
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| The bone marrow cell from which all formed elements are derived is considered to be a __________ because many, but not all, body cells can develop from it | Multipotent stem cell
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| Division of blood stem cells and their development into more specific and committed precursor cells is stimulated by ___? Histamine and heparin Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) Antibodies and lysozomes Hormones and growth factors | Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
Hormones and growth factors
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| Life span of erythrocytes? | 120 days
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| Life span of platelets? | 8-10 days
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| Life span of leukocytes? | hours to years
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| Put the cells in order during erythrocyte development: 1-Erythroblast 2-Erythrocyte 3-Proerythroblast 4-Normoblast 5-Reticulocyte | 3- Proerythroblast
1- erythroblast
4-normoblast
5-reticulocyte
2-erythrocyte
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| Function of G-CSF | Speeds up the synthesis of granulocytes from myeloblast cells
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| Function of GM-CSF | Speeds up the synthesis of granulocytes and monocytes from their progenitor cells
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| Function of M-CSF | Stimulates production of monocytes from monoblasts
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| Function of Thrombopoietin | Stimulates production of megakaryocytes and platelets
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| Function of Erythropoietin (EPO) | Speeds up production erythrocyte progenitor and erythroblast cells
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| New erythrocytes are produced at a rate of _______ | 3 million per second
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| The processes of megakaryocytes from which platelets are derived - portions of the plasma membrane surrounding cytoplasm - that extend between endothelial cells of blood vessels and are called _________ | Proplatelets
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| From myeloid stem cell to erythrocyte, the process of erythropoiesis takes ___________. | 6-7 days
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| Identify the result of the sympathetic response to blood loss: Increased force of heart contraction Decreased vasoconstriction Increased heart rate | Increased force of heart contraction
Increased heart rate
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| A plasma protein called the von _________ factor, helps create the platelet plug | Willebrand
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| Blood coagulation is a process that requires ________, clotting factors, platelets and vitamin _____ | Calcium, K
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| The __________ pathway is the coagulation pathway that usually takes approximately 15 seconds | Extrinsic
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| The destruction of the fibrin of a blood clot is called ___________ | Fibrinolysis
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| __________ is a contractile protein that squeezes the serum out of a developing blood clot | Actinomyosin
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| The synthesis of formed elements is called ____________ | Hemopoiesis
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| _________% of plasma is made of plasma proteins | 7%
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| A vascular spasm _______ the amount of blood flowing through the blood vessel | Decreases
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| A vascular spasm usually lasts __________. | A few minutes
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| ___________ is a list of the formed elements in order from largest to smallest in size | Leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets
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| ___________ in whole blood plays the greatest role in maintaining normal fluid levels in the cardiovascular system and preventing fluid loss | Plasma
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| In coagulation, __________ is activated to fibrin | Fibrinogen
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| __________ in whole blood is responsible for clotting the blood and preventing blood loss from damaged vessels | Platelets
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| The first cells to make blood in an embryo are located in the _____. | Yolk sac
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| Components of whole blood are more correctly called "formed elements" rather than "cells" because _______ | Platelets are just cell fragments and mature erythrocytes don't have a nucleus or organelles
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| The substance that stimulates the myeloid stem cell to form the progenitor cell of thrombopoiesis is ________ | multi-CSF
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| Blood contains _____ that exert osmotic pressure to pull fluid back into the capillaries to help maintain normal fluid | Ions and proteins
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| Normally, the concentration of protein is higher in _________ than in _________. | plasma, interstitial fluid
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| The only formed elements that are nucleated when mature are the __________ | Leukocytes
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| The blood clotting factor proconvertin activates factor _________ | X
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| Under the influence of thrombopoietin, a megakaryoblast becomes a _________. | Megakaryocyte
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| Proaccelerin is also called Factor _____. | V
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