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Ch 18
Cardiovascular System (Blood)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| If an individual's erythrocytes exhibit antigen D, the person is said to be Rh negative True or False | False |
| The exchange of fluid between blood and interstitial fluid is primarily determined by the distribution of _____ between these fluids | Ions and proteins |
| In a patient, the differential count shows neutrophil levels are very high, This may indicate a(n) | bacterial infection |
| Release histamine, which promotes inflammation | Basophils |
| The cytoplasm is a thin ring around the nucleus | Lymphocytes |
| Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain bright red with eosin. | Eosinophils |
| The most common type of white blood | Neutrophils |
| Two- to four-lobed nuclei | Neutrophils |
| Enlarge and become macrophages which engulf foreign substance | Monocytes |
| Contain large cytoplasmic granules that stain dark blue or purple with basic dyes | Basophils |
| Factor that is the initial stimulus for the release of EPO | A decrease in blood oxygen |
| Plasma is composed of about ____% water | 92% |
| Component of whole blood that plays the greatest role in maintaining normal fluid levels in the cardiovascular system and preventing fluid loss | Plasma |
| Approximately 5 million cells per microliter (μL) of blood | Red blood count (RBC) |
| Approximately 16 grams (g)/100mL of blood | Hemoglobin |
| Approximately 46% of the total blood volume | Hematocrit |
| Approximately 7000 cells per microliter of blood | White blood count (WBC) |
| 250,000-400,000 per microliter of blood | Platelet |
| The "buffy coat" consists of | Leukocytes and platelets |
| The first stage of hemostasis is _________, where the damaged blood vessel constricts suddenly | Vascular spasm |
| A simple protein that makes up approximately 58% of the plasma proteins. Many act as transport molecules | Albumin |
| A simple protein that makes up approximately 38% of the plasma proteins. Many act as part of the immune system | Globulin |
| A protein that forms blood clots | Fibrin |
| Plasma without the clotting factors | Serum |
| The liquid portion of blood connective tissue | Plasma |
| The most abundant formed elements of blood is/are | Erythrocytes |
| Function of platelets | Platelets secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting |
| About 95% of the volume of the formed elements; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide | Red blood cells (RBCs) |
| Most of the remaining 5% of the volume of the formed elements; are involved in immunity | White blood cells (WBCs) [Leukocytes] |
| Tiny cell fragments involved in blood clotting | Platelets [Thrombocytes] |
| The red pigmented protein in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide is called | Hemoglobin |
| Under the microscope, a leukocyte has a bilobed nucleus and pink granules in the cytoplasm. This is probably a(n) | Eosinophil |
| Platelets are formed from | Pieces of the megakaryocyte breaking off |
| The cell fragments that are a component of blood are | Platelets |
| Leukocytes enter the tissues from blood vessels by a process called _____________ when they squeeze between endothelial cells of the blood vessel walls | Diapedesis |
| When erythrocytes are removed from circulation, the iron of hemoglobin is transported in the blood by the globulin protein____________ and stored in the liver by the protein _________ | Transferrin; ferritin |
| Identify the substances transported by blood | Waste products Ions Formed elements Dissolved materials Hormones |
| Blood helps regulate body temperature by absorbing heat from body cells, especially the heat producing _________ ________ and releases the heat primarily through the blood vessels | skeletal muscle |
| Which components of whole blood provide protective functions for the body? | Plasma Leukocytes Platelets |
| Compared to water, blood ________ | is more viscous |
| The general classes of cell components of whole blood are ______ | Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets |
| Plasma is ______% of whole blood | 55% |
| Formed elements are ______% of whole blood | 45% |
| Erythrocytes are _______% of whole blood | 44% |
| Leukocytes and platelets are ______% of whole blood | <1% |
| "The percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood" is the __________definition of hematocrit, whereas "the percentage of formed elements in whole blood" is the ________ definition of hematocrit | clinical; medical dictionary |
| Identify components of plasma that will be found in similar concentrations to that of interstitial fluid | Electrolytes Waste products Nurtrients |
| The plasma proteins most important for maintaining fluid balance in the cardiovascular system are the ________ | Albumins |
| Following trauma to the walls of blood vessels, __________ is converted into long, insoluble strands of _________, which help form a blood clot | Fibrinogen; Fibrin |
| As they pass through small blood vessels, erythrocytes may pack together, single-file, like a roll of coins; this formation is called __________ | A rouleau (rouleaux) |
| An average of about _____% of erythrocytes are removed from circulation per day | 1% |
| The cells in the organs that remove old and/or damaged erythrocytes are called ____________ | Macrophages |
| When erythrocytes are removed from circulation, the globin proteins _______________ | are broken down to amino acids, which can be used to make erythrocytes or any other protein |
| The erythrocytes of an individual who is Rh negative (Rh) ________ antigen D. | do not have |
| Description of: Type O+ Blood | Anti-A antibodies, anti-B antibodies, Rh antigen D |
| Description of: Type AB+ Blood | ABO antigen A, ABO antigen B, Rh antigen D |
| Description of: Type A- Blood | ABO antigen A, anti-B antibodies |
| Description of: Type B+ Blood | ABO antigen B, anti-A antibodies, Rh antigen D |
| Description of: Type O- Blood | Anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies |
| Description of: Type AB- Blood | ABO antigen A, ABO antigen B |
| Description of: Type A+ Blood | ABO antigen A, anti-B antibodies, Rh antigen D |
| Description of: Type B- Blood | ABO antigen B, anti-A antibodies |
| _________ are Y-shaped proteins that are designed to recognize and immobilize specific antigens that are perceived as foreign to the body | Antibodies |
| To test compatibility of blood types between a donor and a recipient, a specific blood test called a(n) ____________ test must be performed | Agglutination |
| In a healthy adult, ____________% of leukocytes will by lymphocytes | 20-40% |
| The five types of leukocytes in order form most to least abundant: Neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophil | 1. Neutrophils 2. Lymphocytes 3. Monocytes 4. Eosinophils 5. Basophils |
| In a healthy adult, _______% of leukocytes will be eosinophils | 1-4% |
| A neutrophil is about _____ times larger in diameter than an erythrocyte; is named for its neutral or pale-staining _________; and has a light iliac colored ________ | 1.5; granules; cytoplasm |
| The function(s) of eosinophils is to ____________. | phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens |
| When an erythrocyte is removed from circulation, the iron ion of hemoglobin ____________. | is transported by transferrin to the liver or bone marrow |
| Leukocytes and plasma proteins protects the body against potentially harmful substances which are also part of the ___________ system | immune |
| The formed elements in order form most to least abundant per unit of whole blood is _______________ | erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes |
| The plasma component least likely, under normal conditions to be present in the same amount in interstitial fluid is ___________ | protein |
| __________ exert the greatest colloid osmotic pressure to maintain blood volume and blood pressure | Albumin |
| Erythrocytes circulate in the bloodstream for approximately __________. | 120 days |
| In the blood of a healthy adult, _______% of leukocytes will be neutrophils | 50-70% |
| The least abundant white blood cell in circulating blood is the ________ | Basophil |
| In a neutrophil you would find a ____________ | 2-5 lobed nucleus with iliac-colored cytoplasm |
| Most leukocytes release molecules that facilitate their role as defenders of the body. The type of substance released by eosinophils is(are) ______________ | Substances that attack parasitic worms |
| When a person's eosinophil count is elevated, it is most likely because they have recently _________ Been infected by a parasitic worm Had an allergic reaction Had the flu Had a heart attack Had a bacterial or viral infection | Been infected by a parasitic worm Had an allergic reaction |
| Basophils are about _________ times larger in diameter than erythrocytes, and while erythrocytes are the most abundant formed elements, basophils are the _______ abundant | 2; least |
| When a person's basophil count is elevated, it is most likely because they have recently _______ Been infected by a parasitic worm Had an allergic reaction Had the flu Had a heart attack Had a bacterial or viral infection | had an allergic reaction |
| An increase in small blood vessel diameter, called __________, and in permeability that occur when basophils release _________ may be accompanied by swollen nasal membranes, watery eyes and runny nose | Vasodilation, histamine |
| When a person's lymphocyte count is elevated, they have recently ____________ Been infected by a parasitic worm Had an allergic reaction Had the flu Had a heart attack Been infected by foreign cells | Been infected by foreign cells Had the flu |
| Most leukocytes release molecules that facilitate their role as defenders of the body. They type of substance released by lymphocytes is(are) _____________ | antibodies and molecules that coordinate immune responses |
| Three main types of lymphocytes are ____________ cells, ____________ cells, and natural __________ cells. | T; B; killer |
| In a healthy adult, monocytes constitute about ________% of total leukocytes | 2-8 |
| Conditions that may result in an elevation in the number of leukocytes in the bloodstream include __________. exposure to a bone marrow-damaging toxin a recent infection stress | a recent infection stress |
| _____________ represent a malignant transformation of a leukocyte cell line, and as abnormal leukocytes increase in number, the erythrocytic lines typically decrease in numbers | Leukemia |
| Leukemia __________. is cancer or malignancy in leukocyte-forming stem cells is characterized by abnormal proliferation of while blood cells involves only leukocytes that develop from the myeloid stem cell | is cancer or malignancy in leukocyte-forming stem cells is characterized by abnormal proliferation of while blood cells |
| The alternate medical term for 'platelet' is _________ | thrombocyte |
| The precursor cell from which platelets are derived or formed is called a __________ | megakaryocyte |
| The function of lymphocytes is to _________. Phagocytize pathogens, cellular debris, and dead cells Attack abnormal body cells Phagocytize pathogens, especially bacteria Coordinate immune responses Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens | Attack abnormal body cells Coordinate immune responses |
| The nucleus of a basophil is best described as ______________. | Bilobed, obscured by blue-violet dark-staining cytoplasmic granules |
| In a healthy adult, basophils constitute about _________% of total leukocytes | 0.5-1 |
| The primary classification of leukemias is based on their rate of development and duration; those that progress rapidly are called ______________ leukemias, and those that develop and progress more slowly are called _______________ leukemias | acute; chronic |
| Platelets are produced in the ____________. | red bone marrow |
| Plasma protein that is 58% of plasma protein total | Albumin |
| Plasma protein that is 37% of plasma protein total | Globulins |
| Plasma protein that is 4% of plasma protein total | Fibrinogen |
| Plasma protein that is <1% of plasma protein total | Regulatory proteins |
| ________________ contribute to the transport function of blood Albumins Beta globulins Regulatory proteins Fibrinogens Alpha globulins Gamma globulins | Albumins Beta globulins Regulatory proteins Alpha globulins |
| The liquid portion of whole blood is called _________; the liquid portion of blood that has had clotting proteins removed is called _________ | plasma; serum |
| The conversion of fibrinogen to _______ is the critical step in the formation of a blood clot | fibrin |
| Plasma contains ___________ but serum does not | Fibrinogen |
| Order the steps of hemostasis: Coagulation phase Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation | Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation Coagulation phase |
| Hemoglobin ______ is a pigment is suspended in the cytosol of erythrocytes is found in the erythrocyte plasma membrane is a protein gives erythrocytes their shape transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide | is a pigment is suspended in the cytosol of erythrocytes is a protein transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| When some oxygen has been delivered to tissues and some carbon dioxide has been picked up, blood ___________ | is deep red in color |
| The binding of ______________ to hemoglobin gives arterial blood its bright red color | oxygen |
| A hemoglobin molecule consists of two polypeptides called ______________ chains (globins) and two polypeptides called _____________ chains (globins. | alpha; beta |
| ___________ describes the method called 'blood doping' | Self-donation of erythrocytes |
| Each hemoglobin molecule can transport a maximum of __________ oxygen molecules | four |
| Carbon dioxide binds to the globin protein molecule as blood moves through ______________ capillaries and is released as blood moves through the __________ capillaries | systemic, lung |
| A ____________ is the initial stimulus for the release of EPO | Decrease in blood oxygen |
| Who has a higher hematocrit? Males or Females | Males |
| Which type of anemia is described as: Characterized by a higher circulating number of immature, nucleated erythroblasts | Erythroblastic anemia |
| Which type of anemia is described as: An autosomal recessive mutation causes an altered shape in hemoglobin, and thus erythrocytes, which are more prone to hemolysis | Sickle cell disease |
| Which type of anemia is described as: Often genetically determined, malformation of erythrocyte membrane proteins | Congenital hemolytic anemia |
| When a unit of blood is donated, the blood is ________. Tested for hep. and AIDS Frozen, after testing, until needed Separated so that the erythrocytes, platelets, and clotting factors can be used for more than 1 recipient Treated w/ an anticoagulant | Tested for hep and AIDS Separated so that the erythrocytes, platelets, and clotting factors can be used for more than 1 recipient Treated w/ an anticoagulant |
| If the plasma of a blood sample contains the anti-B, and not the anti-A antibodies, the ABO blood type is ______. | A |
| A blood sample containing erythrocytes with neither surface antigen A nor surface antigen B on the plasma membrane is ABO blood type _____. | O |
| Antibodies to Rh antigen D will be found in the plasma _________ of an Rh+ individual but not in the plasma of an Rh- individual without prior exposure to an antigen the individual does not posses. In an Rh- individual who has been exposed to Rh+ blood | in an Rh- individual who has been exposed to Rh+ blood |
| The consequences of the clumping of erythrocytes in an agglutination reaction include ___? | Blockage of small blood vessels by the clumps Hemolysis or rupture of the erythrocytes Impedance of blood flow by by the clumped erythrocytes |
| The greatest risk for severe illness and even death of an unborn fetus occurs when? 2nd pregnancy, Rh- mom with second Rh+ fetus 2nd pregnancy, Rh- mom with second Rh+ fetus 2nd pregnancy, Rh- mom with second Rh+ fetus | 2nd pregnancy, Rh- mother with second Rh+ fetus |
| The red color of arterial blood is due to the presence of ___________ hemoglobin in erythrocytes | Hemoglobin |
| After delivering some oxygen to body cells, blood is no longer saturated with oxygen and is said to be ________. | Deoxygenated |
| Patients who are anemic may be prescribed a synthetic hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis that their kidneys no longer make enough of. This hormone is often abused by endurance athletes to boost their oxygen-carrying capacity. This hormone is _______ | Erythropoietin |
| The ability of hemoglobin to transport carbon dioxide is the result of a weak association between carbon dioxide and _______. | The globin protein |
| What is erythropoietin? | It stimulates development of erythrocytes |
| Antibodies to antigens of the ABO antigens may be present _______. | Without prior exposure to an antigen the individual does not possess |
| Transfusion of a blood type incompatible with that of the recipient causes a chain reaction called ________, in which the recipient's _________ link and clump the donated ___________. | agglutination; antibodies; erythrocytes |
| What formed element(s) develops from a Hemocytoblast? | All formed elements |
| What formed element(s) develops from a Myeloid stem cell? | Erythrocytes, granulocytes, platelets, monocytes |
| What formed element(s) develops from a Lymphoid stem cell? | Leukocytes of the immune response |
| Correctly spell the name of each type of formed element _________, __________, and __________ | erythrocyte; leukocyte; platelet |
| Order the events during intrinsic pathway to coagulation: Factor XI changes inactive factor IX to active factor IX Platelets release factor XII Factor VIII changes inactive factor X to active factor X | Platelets release factor XII Factor XI changes inactive factor IX to active factor IX Factor VIII changes inactive factor X to active factor X |
| By weight, plasma is approximately _____% protein and 92% water; other substances such as electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and wastes make up a little less than ___% of plasma | 8; 1 |
| Blood is described based on which of the following characteristics? pH, Viscosity, Color, Plasma Concentration, Mass, Volume Temperature | pH, Viscosity, Color, Plasma Concentration, Volume Temperature |
| __________ have specific granules in their cytosol that are clearly visible when viewed with a microscope | Granulocytes |
| True or False Clotting factor numbers are in order of their discovery and not their position in the clotting pathway | True |
| The bone marrow cell from which all formed elements are derived is considered to be a __________ because many, but not all, body cells can develop from it | Multipotent stem cell |
| Division of blood stem cells and their development into more specific and committed precursor cells is stimulated by ___? Histamine and heparin Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) Antibodies and lysozomes Hormones and growth factors | Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) Hormones and growth factors |
| Life span of erythrocytes? | 120 days |
| Life span of platelets? | 8-10 days |
| Life span of leukocytes? | hours to years |
| Put the cells in order during erythrocyte development: 1-Erythroblast 2-Erythrocyte 3-Proerythroblast 4-Normoblast 5-Reticulocyte | 3- Proerythroblast 1- erythroblast 4-normoblast 5-reticulocyte 2-erythrocyte |
| Function of G-CSF | Speeds up the synthesis of granulocytes from myeloblast cells |
| Function of GM-CSF | Speeds up the synthesis of granulocytes and monocytes from their progenitor cells |
| Function of M-CSF | Stimulates production of monocytes from monoblasts |
| Function of Thrombopoietin | Stimulates production of megakaryocytes and platelets |
| Function of Erythropoietin (EPO) | Speeds up production erythrocyte progenitor and erythroblast cells |
| New erythrocytes are produced at a rate of _______ | 3 million per second |
| The processes of megakaryocytes from which platelets are derived - portions of the plasma membrane surrounding cytoplasm - that extend between endothelial cells of blood vessels and are called _________ | Proplatelets |
| From myeloid stem cell to erythrocyte, the process of erythropoiesis takes ___________. | 6-7 days |
| Identify the result of the sympathetic response to blood loss: Increased force of heart contraction Decreased vasoconstriction Increased heart rate | Increased force of heart contraction Increased heart rate |
| A plasma protein called the von _________ factor, helps create the platelet plug | Willebrand |
| Blood coagulation is a process that requires ________, clotting factors, platelets and vitamin _____ | Calcium, K |
| The __________ pathway is the coagulation pathway that usually takes approximately 15 seconds | Extrinsic |
| The destruction of the fibrin of a blood clot is called ___________ | Fibrinolysis |
| __________ is a contractile protein that squeezes the serum out of a developing blood clot | Actinomyosin |
| The synthesis of formed elements is called ____________ | Hemopoiesis |
| _________% of plasma is made of plasma proteins | 7% |
| A vascular spasm _______ the amount of blood flowing through the blood vessel | Decreases |
| A vascular spasm usually lasts __________. | A few minutes |
| ___________ is a list of the formed elements in order from largest to smallest in size | Leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets |
| ___________ in whole blood plays the greatest role in maintaining normal fluid levels in the cardiovascular system and preventing fluid loss | Plasma |
| In coagulation, __________ is activated to fibrin | Fibrinogen |
| __________ in whole blood is responsible for clotting the blood and preventing blood loss from damaged vessels | Platelets |
| The first cells to make blood in an embryo are located in the _____. | Yolk sac |
| Components of whole blood are more correctly called "formed elements" rather than "cells" because _______ | Platelets are just cell fragments and mature erythrocytes don't have a nucleus or organelles |
| The substance that stimulates the myeloid stem cell to form the progenitor cell of thrombopoiesis is ________ | multi-CSF |
| Blood contains _____ that exert osmotic pressure to pull fluid back into the capillaries to help maintain normal fluid | Ions and proteins |
| Normally, the concentration of protein is higher in _________ than in _________. | plasma, interstitial fluid |
| The only formed elements that are nucleated when mature are the __________ | Leukocytes |
| The blood clotting factor proconvertin activates factor _________ | X |
| Under the influence of thrombopoietin, a megakaryoblast becomes a _________. | Megakaryocyte |
| Proaccelerin is also called Factor _____. | V |
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