microbiology
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| chemical compounds | react and combine to form millions of cells, which are the basic units of life.
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| basic structural components of most human cells | cell membrane, cytoplasm, nuclear membrane, and nucleus.
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| ribosome | an organelle that contributes to protein synthesis, which is the building of proteins from their basic components, the amino acids. these support the protein chains as ribonucleic acid (RNA) builds them.
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| endoplasmic reticulum | provides networks of passageways for moving various substances within the cytoplasm. where it has ribosomes on the surface area, it is the rough endoplasmic reticulum; otherwise, it is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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| mitochondrion | an organelle that gives the cells energy. cells might have one or more, depending on how much energy the particular cell needs to perform its specific functions.
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| lysosome | the function of this within a cell is digestion
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| centriole | a cylindrical-shaped organelle that plays a role in cell division, with each pair in the cell making sure to divide the chromosomes equally to the cells that result from the reproduction process.
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| cell membrane | the thin outermost structure of human cells. selectively permeable which means that it lets some substances in and out but blocks the passage of others. in bacterial cells the cell membrane lies within the cell wall
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| cell wall | outermost layer that maintains the shape and protects it. human cells do not have a cell wall but bacteria cells do. each bacterium has a cell wall that is either gram-positive or gram-negative which is important when providers are selecting medication.
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| antibiotic | targets bacteria according to its cell-wall structure but does not damage human cells because they do not contain cell walls
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| nucleus | round structure inside the cell at the center, largest organelle in a cell and controls the cell's functions. contains chromosomes, which are thread-like structures made of the person's DNA.
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| DNA | a body's genetic information
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| nuclear membrane | aka nuclear envelope is the structure that surrounds the nucleus. contains pores that allow larger compounds to move in and out of the cell's nucleus.
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| cytoplasm | the inside of the cell that contains other organelles, such as the mitochondria, that perform the functions of the cells. components are water, proteins, ions, and nutrients.
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| Golgi apparatus | synthesizes carbs and sorts the proteins the ribosome is supporting. also has some storage functions prior to preparing some substances for removal from the cells.
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| Peroxisome | an organelle in the cytoplasm that contains enzymes
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| flagellum | a tail-like appendage that allows the cell to move in a swimming-like motion. a sperm cell has a flagellum to help it move toward egg cells.
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| cilia | hair-like projections that help move substances through various tracts and paths in the body.
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| organisms | any living things.
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| micro-organisms | are tiny (often one-celled) living things.
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| bacteria | a single-celled micro-organism that reproduces rapidly and causes many different infections. can survive without other living tissue.
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| aerobic | with air
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| anaerobic | without air
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| coccus | round
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| spirillum | spiral-shaped
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| vibrio | shaped like a comma
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| bacillus | rod-shaped
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| virus | a tiny micro-organism that causes many infections and diseases. require living tissue to survive and grow. are actually parasites.
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| parasite | an organism that lives in, on, or at the expense of another organism without contributing to the host's survival.
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| immune system | the organs and structures that regulate the body's immunity, or resistance to disease.
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| pneumonia | inflammation of the lungs.
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| common viruses | HIV, influenza, and HPV
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| fungi | a micro-organism that grows on or in animals and plants.
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| yeasts | single-cell fungi
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| spore-producing molds | multi-cell varieties
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| protozoa | a single-cell parasite that can be microscopic or large enough to see without a microscope. thrive in damp environments and in bodies of standing water, such as ponds and lakes. replicate rapidly inside a living host.
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| Entamoeba histolytica | an ameba that causes dysentery, a sever type of diarrhea.
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| multicellular parasites | lice, bed bugs, scabies, and pinworms. these cause infections and infestations.
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