Brain and Nervous System Functions for PHYL301 (Anatomy and Physiology I)
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| Hypothalamus | Autonomic functions, Appetitive Drives (thirst, hunger, sexual desire) behaviors
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| Supraoptic Nucleus (Hypothalamus) | Secretes antidiuretic hormone, restricts water loss at kidneys
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| Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (Hypothalamus) | Regulates Daily (Circadian) Rhythms
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| Paraventricular Nucleus (Hypothalamus) | Secretes Oxytocin, stimulates smooth muscle contractions in uterus/mammary glands, male reproductive tract/glands
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| Preoptic Area (Hypothalamus) | Regulates body temperature via control of autonomic centers in the medulla oblongata
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| Tuberal Area (Hypothalamus) | Produces inhibitory and releasing hormones that control endocrine cells of the anterior lobe of pituitary gland
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| Autonomic Centers (Hypothalamus) | Control heart rate and blood pressure via regulation of autonomic centers in medulla oblongata
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| Mamillary Bodies (Hypothalamus) | Control Feeding Reflexes (licking, swallowing, etc)
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| Satellite Cells (Neuroglia) | Peripheral Nervous System; surround neuron cell bodies ganglia; regulate Oxygen/CO2, nutrients, neurotransmitter levels
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| Schwann Cells (Neuroglia) | Peripheral Nervous System; Surround all axons in PNS; responsible for myelination of peripheral axons; help with repair axons
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| Ependymal Cells (Neuroglia) | Central Nervous System; Line ventricles(brain) and central canal(Spinal cord); assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid
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| Microglia (Neuroglia) | Central Nervous System; Remove cell debris, wastes, pathogens
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| Astrocytes (Neuroglia) | Central Nervous System; Maintain blood-brain barrier, structural support; regulate ion, nutrient, and gas conc; absorb/recycle neurotransmitters
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| Oligodendrocytes (Neuroglia) | Central Nervous System; Myelinate CNS axons (Can myelinate multiple axons at once); provides structural framework
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| Dorsal (posterior) Horn (Spinal Cord) | Somatic/autonomic sensory neurons
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| Ventral (Anterior) Horn (Spinal Cord) | Motor Pathway, Interneurons
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| Lateral Horn (Spinal Cord) | Autonomic Motor Neurons (Sympathetic Nervous System)
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| Gray commissure (Spinal Cord) | Interneurons to cross midline
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| Cerebrum | Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions; Memory storage and processing; Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
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| Thalamus | Relay and processing centers for sensory information
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| Hypothalamus | Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions and hormone production ; Primary link between Endocrine/Nervous system
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| Mesencephalon | Processing of visual and auditory data; Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses; Maintenance of consciousness
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| Pons | Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus; Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers
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| Medulla Oblongata | Relays sensory information to thalamus / other portions of brain stem; Autonomic centers for regulation visceral functions (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system)
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| Cerebellum | Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns; Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain/spinal cord; Memories also
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| Telencephalon becomes... | Cerebrum
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| Diencephalon becomes... | Diencephalon
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| Mesencephalon becomes... | Mesencephalon
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| Metencephalon becomes... | Cerebellum and Pons
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| Myelencephalon becomes... | Medulla Oblongata
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| Frontal Lobe | Primary Motor Cortex
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| Parietal Lobe | Primary Sensory Cortex
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| Occipital Lobe | Visual Cortex
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| Temporal Lobe | Auditory/Olfactory Cortex
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| Primary Motor Cortex | Conscious control of skeletal muscles
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| Primary Sensory Cortex | Conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature and taste
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| Visual Cortex | Conscious perception of visual stimuli
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| Auditory Cortex/Olfactory Cortex | Conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli
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| Basal Nuclei | Control muscle tones, coordination of learned activities
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| Limbic System | Emotional states, Autonomic activity, Neuroendocrine, Learning, Behavioral Drives
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| Cingulate Gyrus (Limbic System) | Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Attention Processing
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| Fornix & Hippocampus (Limbic System) | Long-term Memory
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| Parahippocampal Gyrus (Limbic System) | Spatial Memory
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| Amygdaloid Body (Limbic System) | Jealousy, Fear, Aggression
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| Anterior Group (Thalamus) | Part of Limbic System
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| Medial Group (Thalamus) | Integrates sensory information and other data arriving at thalamus and hypothalamus for projection to the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
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| Ventral Group (Thalamus) | Projects sensory information to primary sensory cortex of parietal lobe; relays information from cerebellum and basal nuclei to motor areas of cerebral cortex
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| Pulvinar (Posterior Group, Thalamus) | Integrates sensory information for projection to association areas of cerebral cortex
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| Lateral Geniculate Nuclei (Posterior Group, Thalamus) | Project visual information to the visual cortex of occipital lobe
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| Medial Geniculate Nuclei (Posterior Group, Thalamus) | Project auditory information to the auditory cortex of temporal lobe
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| Lateral Group (Thalamus) | Form feedback looops involving the cingulate gyrus (emotional states) and the parietal lobe (integration of sensory information)
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| Superior Colliculus (Mesencephalon) | Receives visual inputs from lateral geniculate of thalamus same side
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| Inferior Colliculus (Mesencephalon) | Receives auditory data from nuclei in the medulla oblongata; some info forwarded to medial geniculate same side
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| Red Nuclei (Mesencephalon) | Involuntary control background muscle tone and limb position
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| Substantia Nigra (Mesencephalon) | Regulates activity in the basal nuclei
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| Reticular formation (Mesencephalon) | Automatic processing of incoming sensations and outgoing motor commands; can initiate motor responses to stimuli; helps maintain consciousness
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| Cerebral peduncles (Mesencephalon) | Connect primary motor cortex with motor neurons in brain and spinal cord; carry ascending sensory information to thalamus
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| Pneumotaxic and Apneustic Centers (Pons) | Involuntary control respiration by modifying activity of respiratory rhythmicity center in medulla oblongata
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| Vermis | Separates Cerebellar hemispheres
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| Purkinje Cells | Massive pear-shaped cell bodies with large, numerous dendrites fanning out into gray matter of cerebellar cortex.
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| Nucleus Gracilis (Medulla Oblongata) | Relay somatic sensory information to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (Trunk, Upper Extremities)
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| Nucleus Cuneatus (Medulla Oblongata) | Relay somatic sensory information to the ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus (Lower Extremities)
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| Olivary Nuclei (Medulla Oblongata) | Relay information from spinal cord, red nucleus, other midbrain centers, and the cerebral cortex to vermis of cerebellum
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| Cardiac Center (Medulla Oblongata) | Regulates heart rate and force of contraction
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| Vasomotor Center (Medulla Oblongata) | Regulate distribution of blood flow
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| Respiratory Rhythmicity Centers (Medulla Oblongata) | Set the pace of respiratory movements
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| Ascending and Descendring Tracts (White Matter, Medulla Oblongata) | Link the brain with the spinal cord
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| Cranial Nerve I (Sensory) | Olfactory Nerve
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| Cranial Nerve II (Sensory) | Optic Nerve
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| Cranial Nerve III (Motor) | Oculomotor Nerve
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| Cranial Nerve IV (Motor) | Trochlear Nerve
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| Cranial Nerve V (Both) | Trigeminal Nerve
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| Cranial Nerve VI (Motor) | Abducens Nerve
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| Cranial Nerve VII (Both) | Facial Nerve
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| Cranial Nerve VIII (Sensory) | Vestibulocochlear Nerve
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| Cranial Nerve IX (Both) | Glossopharyngeal Nerve
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| Cranial Nerve X (Both) | Vagus Nerve
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| Cranial Nerve XI (Motor) | Accessory Nerve
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| Cranial Nerve XII (Motor) | Hypoglossal Nerve
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| Reticular Formation (Medulla Oblongata) | Sensory stimuli to Wake Up
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| CN I | Primary Function: Special Sensory (Smell); Origin: Receptors of olfactory epithelium; Pass Through: Cribriform plate of ethmoid; Destination: Olfactory Bulbs
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| CN II | Primary Function: Special sensory (vision); Origin: Retina of eye; Pass Through: Optic canal of sphenoid; Destination: Diencephalon via optic chiasm
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| CN III | Primary Function: Motor, eye movements, Origin: Mesencephalon; Pass Through: Superior orbital fissure of sphenoid; Destination: Somatic Motor - Superior, Inferior, Medial Rectus Muscles, Inferior Oblique Muscle : Visceral motor - intrinsic eye muscles
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| CN IV | Primary function: Motor, eye movements; Origin: Mesencephalon; Pass through: Superior orbital fissure sphenoid; Destination: Superior oblique muscle
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| CN V | Three Branches: Ophthalmic Branch, Maxillary Branch, and Mandibular Branch; Pass Through: Ophthalmic branch via superior orbital fissure, maxillary branch via foramen rotundum, mandibular branch via foramen ovale; Destination: Sensory Nuclei Pons
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| CN VI | Primary Function: Motor, eye movements; Origin: Pons; Pases through: Superior orbital fissure of sphenoid; Destination: Lateral rectus muscle
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| CN VII | Primary function: Sensory and Motor; Origin: Sensory from taste receptors on anterior 2/3rd tongue; motor from motor nuclei of pons; Pass through: internal acoustic meatus temporal bone; Destination: Sensory nuclei pons, facial expression, lacrimal glands
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| CN VIII | Primary Function: Balance and equilibrium (vestibular branch) and hearing (cochlear branch); Origin: Receptors inner ear; Pass through: Internal acoustic meatus; Destination: Vestibular/Cochlear Nuclei of Pons and Medulla Oblongata
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| CN IX | Function: Sensory and motor; Origin: Posterior 1/3rd tongue, pharynx, palate, carotid arteries, motor nuclei medulla oblongata; Pass through: jugular foramen between occipital/temporal bone; Destination: medulla oblongata, pharyngeal muscles, salivary gl
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| CN X | Function: Both; Origin: Pharynx, auricle, motor nuclei pons; Pass through: Jugular foramen btwn Occipital/Temporal bones; Destination: Autonomic ctrs Medulla, palate and pharynx; respiratory, cardio, digestive organs
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| CN XI | Function: Motor; Origin: Motor nuclei spinal cord/medulla; Pass through: jugular foramen btwn occipital/temporal bones; Destination: Internal - Voluntary muscles palate, pharynx, larynx; external - sternocleidomastoid/trapezius muscles
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| CN XII | Primary function: Motor, tongue movement; Origin: Motor nuclei of Medulla; Pass through: Hypoglossal canal occipital bone; Destination: Muscles of Tongue
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| Posterior Column Pathway | Fine-Touch, vibration, pressure, proprioception sensation - Fasciculus gracilis/cuneatus - nucleus gracilis - xover - medial lemniscus - ventral nuclei thalamus - sensory homunculus cerebrum
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| Anterior Spinothalamic Tract | Crude touch and pressure sensations - xover - anterior spinothalamic tract - ventral nuclei thalamus - sensory homunculus cerebrum
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| Lateral Spinothalamic Tract | Pain and temperature sensation - xover - lateral spinothalamic tract - ventral nuclei thalamus - sensory homunculus cerebrum
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| Spinocerebellar Pathway | Proprioceptive input Golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, joint capsules - Posterior or Anterior Spinocerebllar tract - Cerebellum
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| Basal Nuclei (Somatic Motor Control) | Modify voluntary and reflexive motor patterns subconscious level
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| Hypothalamus (Somatic Motor Control) | Controls stereotyped motor patterns related to eating, drinking, sexual activity; modifies respiratory reflexes
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| Pons/Superior Medulla Oblongata (Somatic Motor Control) | Control balance reflexes and more-complex respiratory reflexes
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| Brain Stem and Spinal Cord (Somatic Motor Control) | Control simple cranial and spinal reflexes
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| Inferior Medulla Oblongata (Somatic Motor Control) | Controls basic respiratory reflexes
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| Cerebellum (Somatic Motor Control) | Coordinates complex motor patterns
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| Thalamus/Mesencephalon (Somatic Motor Control) | Control reflexes in response to visual and auditory stimuli
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| Cerebral cortex (Somatic Motor Control) | Plans and initiates voluntary motor activity
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| Broca's Area | Speech Center
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| Wernicke's Area | Gnostic Area - perceiving and recognizing form, persons, places, things, etc.
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| Prefrontal Cortex | Most complex brain area. Performs complicated learning and reasoning functions. Emotional context and motivation also.
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| Reticular Activating System | Complex interactions between brain stem and cerebral cortex; A poorly defined network in reticular formation; Levels of consciousness
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| Delirium | Disorientation,r estlessness, confusion, hallucinations, agitation
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| Dementia | Progressive decline spatial orientation, memory, behavior, language.
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| Confusion | Reduced awareness, easily distracted, easily startled, alternates between drowsiness and excitability
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| Normal Consciousness | Aware of self and external environment, well-orientated, responsive
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| Somnolence | Extreme drowsiness, but responds normally to stimuli
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| Chronic vegetative state | Conscious but unresponsive, no evidence cortical function.
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| Asleep | Can be aroused by normal stimuli
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| Stupor | Can be aroused by extreme and/or repeated stimuli
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| Coma | Cannot be aroused and does not respond to stimuli
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| Phasic Receptors | Fast-adapting receptors
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| Tonic Receptors | Slow-adapting receptors
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| Exteroceptors | Provide information about external environment
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| Proprioceptors | Mechanoreceptor, monitor body position
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| Interoceptors | Monitor conditions inside the body
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| Nociceptors | Respond to tissue damage
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| Thermoreceptors | Respond to change in temperature
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| Mechanoreceptors | Stimulated by physical distortion, contact, pressure
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| Chemoreceptors | Monitor chemical composition of body fluids
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| Tactile Receptors | Mechanoreceptor, provides sensations of touch, pressure, and vibrations
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| Baroreceptors | Mechanoreceptor, detects pressure changes in walls of blood vessels and in portions of digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts
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| Free Nerve Endings, Tactile discs (Touch Receptors) | Responds to light contact with skin
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| Root Hair Plexus (Touch Receptor) | Responds to initial contact with hair shaft
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| Tactile corpuscle (Pressure Receptor) | Responds to initial contact and low-frequency vibrations
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| Lamellated Corpuscle (Pressure Receptor) | responds to initial contact (deep) and high-frequency vibrations
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| Ruffini Corpuscle (Pressure Receptor) | Responds to deep pressure, stretching and distortion of the dermis
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| Facial Nerve (Gustation) | Brings taste to brainstem from anterior 2/3rd Tongue. (Sour,Bitter,Salty,Sweet)
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| Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Gustation) | Brings taste to brainstem from posterior 1/3rd Tongue. Water Receptors.
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| Vagus Nerve (Gustation) | Brings taste to brainstem from small area on epiglottis
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| Gustation Pathway | Tongue - CN nerve (VIII, IX, or X) - Nucleus Solitarius - Medial Leminiscus - Thalamic Nucleus - Gustatory cortex
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| Vestibular Pathway | Semicircular Canals - Vestibular Ganglion - Vestibular Branch (CN VIII) - Vestibular nucleus - Cerebellum/Vestibulospinal Tracts/Superior colliculus and relay to cerebral cortex
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| Auditory Pathway | Cochlea - Cochlear branch (CN VIII) - Cochlear nucleus - Inferior colliculus (mesencephalon) - Medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) - Auditory cortex (Temporal lobe)
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| Vision Pathway | Light - Rod/Cones - Bipolar Cells - Ganglion Cells - AP Fired - Optic Nerve - Optic Chiasm - Optic Tract - LGN - Projection Fibers - Visual Cortex
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| Glutamate | Neurotransmitter in Central Nervous System; Excitatory both indirectly/directly; EPSPs
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| GABA | Neurotransmitter in Central Nervous System; Inhibitory; Involved with Cl-; IPSPs
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| Glycine | Neurotransmitter in Central Nervous System; Inhibitory; IPSPs
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| AcH | Neurotransmitter in Central and Peripheral Nervous System; EPSPs; Involved with Na+ and K+ Channels; Neuromuscular junctions;
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| Synaptic Transmission Pathway | AP - Ca++ Channels Open - Ca++ Flows in - Synaptic Vesicles Fuse - Release neurotransmitter synaptic cleft - binds receptor - current post-synaptic membrane - neurotransmitter pumped back in and repackaged
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| Norepinephrine | Neurotransmitter in Central Nervous System and Sympathetic Nervous System; Catecholamine ; Indirectly acts with Adernergic Receptors
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| Epinephrine | Neurotransmitter in Central Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System; Catecholamine; Indirectly acts
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| Dopamine | Neurotransmitter in Central Nervous System; Catecholamine; Indirectly acts
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| Serotonin | Neurotransmitter in Central Nervous System; acts indirectly/directly
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| Indirect Transmission Pathway | NE binds G-Protein Coupled Receptor - GDP released - GTP attached - subunit activates Enzyme - Releases cAMP - activates enzyme which phosphorylates K+ channel - K+ channel closes causing depolarization
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| Adernergic Receptor: alpha-1 | Slow excitation - Smooth muscle contracts - located on blood vessels of skin, mucosae, and abdominal viscera
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| Adernergic Receptor: beta-1 | Slow excitation - Heart rate strength increase - located in heart
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| Adernergic Receptor: beta-2 | Slow inhibition - Dilation blood vessels - located respiratory airways and blood vessels skeletal muscle and heart
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| Central Nervous System | Brain and Spinal Cord
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| Peripheral Nervous System | Nerves
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Division of Autonomic Nervous System; "At rest"
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| Sympathetic Nervous System | Division of Autonomic Nervous System; "Fight or Flight", Stressful situations
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| Myasthenia Gravis | Autoimmune disease attacks Ach receptors; Can help via increasing amount Ach in body
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| Unipolar (Sensory Neuron) | Touch, Pressure, Pain, Taste; Proprioception; visceral organs
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| Bipolar (Sensory Neuron) | Hearing, olfaction
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| Bipolar/Multipolar (Sensory Neuron) | Vision
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