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Nervous System A&P
Brain and Nervous System Functions for PHYL301 (Anatomy and Physiology I)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hypothalamus | Autonomic functions, Appetitive Drives (thirst, hunger, sexual desire) behaviors |
| Supraoptic Nucleus (Hypothalamus) | Secretes antidiuretic hormone, restricts water loss at kidneys |
| Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (Hypothalamus) | Regulates Daily (Circadian) Rhythms |
| Paraventricular Nucleus (Hypothalamus) | Secretes Oxytocin, stimulates smooth muscle contractions in uterus/mammary glands, male reproductive tract/glands |
| Preoptic Area (Hypothalamus) | Regulates body temperature via control of autonomic centers in the medulla oblongata |
| Tuberal Area (Hypothalamus) | Produces inhibitory and releasing hormones that control endocrine cells of the anterior lobe of pituitary gland |
| Autonomic Centers (Hypothalamus) | Control heart rate and blood pressure via regulation of autonomic centers in medulla oblongata |
| Mamillary Bodies (Hypothalamus) | Control Feeding Reflexes (licking, swallowing, etc) |
| Satellite Cells (Neuroglia) | Peripheral Nervous System; surround neuron cell bodies ganglia; regulate Oxygen/CO2, nutrients, neurotransmitter levels |
| Schwann Cells (Neuroglia) | Peripheral Nervous System; Surround all axons in PNS; responsible for myelination of peripheral axons; help with repair axons |
| Ependymal Cells (Neuroglia) | Central Nervous System; Line ventricles(brain) and central canal(Spinal cord); assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid |
| Microglia (Neuroglia) | Central Nervous System; Remove cell debris, wastes, pathogens |
| Astrocytes (Neuroglia) | Central Nervous System; Maintain blood-brain barrier, structural support; regulate ion, nutrient, and gas conc; absorb/recycle neurotransmitters |
| Oligodendrocytes (Neuroglia) | Central Nervous System; Myelinate CNS axons (Can myelinate multiple axons at once); provides structural framework |
| Dorsal (posterior) Horn (Spinal Cord) | Somatic/autonomic sensory neurons |
| Ventral (Anterior) Horn (Spinal Cord) | Motor Pathway, Interneurons |
| Lateral Horn (Spinal Cord) | Autonomic Motor Neurons (Sympathetic Nervous System) |
| Gray commissure (Spinal Cord) | Interneurons to cross midline |
| Cerebrum | Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions; Memory storage and processing; Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions |
| Thalamus | Relay and processing centers for sensory information |
| Hypothalamus | Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions and hormone production ; Primary link between Endocrine/Nervous system |
| Mesencephalon | Processing of visual and auditory data; Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses; Maintenance of consciousness |
| Pons | Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus; Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers |
| Medulla Oblongata | Relays sensory information to thalamus / other portions of brain stem; Autonomic centers for regulation visceral functions (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system) |
| Cerebellum | Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns; Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain/spinal cord; Memories also |
| Telencephalon becomes... | Cerebrum |
| Diencephalon becomes... | Diencephalon |
| Mesencephalon becomes... | Mesencephalon |
| Metencephalon becomes... | Cerebellum and Pons |
| Myelencephalon becomes... | Medulla Oblongata |
| Frontal Lobe | Primary Motor Cortex |
| Parietal Lobe | Primary Sensory Cortex |
| Occipital Lobe | Visual Cortex |
| Temporal Lobe | Auditory/Olfactory Cortex |
| Primary Motor Cortex | Conscious control of skeletal muscles |
| Primary Sensory Cortex | Conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature and taste |
| Visual Cortex | Conscious perception of visual stimuli |
| Auditory Cortex/Olfactory Cortex | Conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli |
| Basal Nuclei | Control muscle tones, coordination of learned activities |
| Limbic System | Emotional states, Autonomic activity, Neuroendocrine, Learning, Behavioral Drives |
| Cingulate Gyrus (Limbic System) | Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Attention Processing |
| Fornix & Hippocampus (Limbic System) | Long-term Memory |
| Parahippocampal Gyrus (Limbic System) | Spatial Memory |
| Amygdaloid Body (Limbic System) | Jealousy, Fear, Aggression |
| Anterior Group (Thalamus) | Part of Limbic System |
| Medial Group (Thalamus) | Integrates sensory information and other data arriving at thalamus and hypothalamus for projection to the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres |
| Ventral Group (Thalamus) | Projects sensory information to primary sensory cortex of parietal lobe; relays information from cerebellum and basal nuclei to motor areas of cerebral cortex |
| Pulvinar (Posterior Group, Thalamus) | Integrates sensory information for projection to association areas of cerebral cortex |
| Lateral Geniculate Nuclei (Posterior Group, Thalamus) | Project visual information to the visual cortex of occipital lobe |
| Medial Geniculate Nuclei (Posterior Group, Thalamus) | Project auditory information to the auditory cortex of temporal lobe |
| Lateral Group (Thalamus) | Form feedback looops involving the cingulate gyrus (emotional states) and the parietal lobe (integration of sensory information) |
| Superior Colliculus (Mesencephalon) | Receives visual inputs from lateral geniculate of thalamus same side |
| Inferior Colliculus (Mesencephalon) | Receives auditory data from nuclei in the medulla oblongata; some info forwarded to medial geniculate same side |
| Red Nuclei (Mesencephalon) | Involuntary control background muscle tone and limb position |
| Substantia Nigra (Mesencephalon) | Regulates activity in the basal nuclei |
| Reticular formation (Mesencephalon) | Automatic processing of incoming sensations and outgoing motor commands; can initiate motor responses to stimuli; helps maintain consciousness |
| Cerebral peduncles (Mesencephalon) | Connect primary motor cortex with motor neurons in brain and spinal cord; carry ascending sensory information to thalamus |
| Pneumotaxic and Apneustic Centers (Pons) | Involuntary control respiration by modifying activity of respiratory rhythmicity center in medulla oblongata |
| Vermis | Separates Cerebellar hemispheres |
| Purkinje Cells | Massive pear-shaped cell bodies with large, numerous dendrites fanning out into gray matter of cerebellar cortex. |
| Nucleus Gracilis (Medulla Oblongata) | Relay somatic sensory information to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (Trunk, Upper Extremities) |
| Nucleus Cuneatus (Medulla Oblongata) | Relay somatic sensory information to the ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus (Lower Extremities) |
| Olivary Nuclei (Medulla Oblongata) | Relay information from spinal cord, red nucleus, other midbrain centers, and the cerebral cortex to vermis of cerebellum |
| Cardiac Center (Medulla Oblongata) | Regulates heart rate and force of contraction |
| Vasomotor Center (Medulla Oblongata) | Regulate distribution of blood flow |
| Respiratory Rhythmicity Centers (Medulla Oblongata) | Set the pace of respiratory movements |
| Ascending and Descendring Tracts (White Matter, Medulla Oblongata) | Link the brain with the spinal cord |
| Cranial Nerve I (Sensory) | Olfactory Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve II (Sensory) | Optic Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve III (Motor) | Oculomotor Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve IV (Motor) | Trochlear Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve V (Both) | Trigeminal Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve VI (Motor) | Abducens Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve VII (Both) | Facial Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve VIII (Sensory) | Vestibulocochlear Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve IX (Both) | Glossopharyngeal Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve X (Both) | Vagus Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve XI (Motor) | Accessory Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve XII (Motor) | Hypoglossal Nerve |
| Reticular Formation (Medulla Oblongata) | Sensory stimuli to Wake Up |
| CN I | Primary Function: Special Sensory (Smell); Origin: Receptors of olfactory epithelium; Pass Through: Cribriform plate of ethmoid; Destination: Olfactory Bulbs |
| CN II | Primary Function: Special sensory (vision); Origin: Retina of eye; Pass Through: Optic canal of sphenoid; Destination: Diencephalon via optic chiasm |
| CN III | Primary Function: Motor, eye movements, Origin: Mesencephalon; Pass Through: Superior orbital fissure of sphenoid; Destination: Somatic Motor - Superior, Inferior, Medial Rectus Muscles, Inferior Oblique Muscle : Visceral motor - intrinsic eye muscles |
| CN IV | Primary function: Motor, eye movements; Origin: Mesencephalon; Pass through: Superior orbital fissure sphenoid; Destination: Superior oblique muscle |
| CN V | Three Branches: Ophthalmic Branch, Maxillary Branch, and Mandibular Branch; Pass Through: Ophthalmic branch via superior orbital fissure, maxillary branch via foramen rotundum, mandibular branch via foramen ovale; Destination: Sensory Nuclei Pons |
| CN VI | Primary Function: Motor, eye movements; Origin: Pons; Pases through: Superior orbital fissure of sphenoid; Destination: Lateral rectus muscle |
| CN VII | Primary function: Sensory and Motor; Origin: Sensory from taste receptors on anterior 2/3rd tongue; motor from motor nuclei of pons; Pass through: internal acoustic meatus temporal bone; Destination: Sensory nuclei pons, facial expression, lacrimal glands |
| CN VIII | Primary Function: Balance and equilibrium (vestibular branch) and hearing (cochlear branch); Origin: Receptors inner ear; Pass through: Internal acoustic meatus; Destination: Vestibular/Cochlear Nuclei of Pons and Medulla Oblongata |
| CN IX | Function: Sensory and motor; Origin: Posterior 1/3rd tongue, pharynx, palate, carotid arteries, motor nuclei medulla oblongata; Pass through: jugular foramen between occipital/temporal bone; Destination: medulla oblongata, pharyngeal muscles, salivary gl |
| CN X | Function: Both; Origin: Pharynx, auricle, motor nuclei pons; Pass through: Jugular foramen btwn Occipital/Temporal bones; Destination: Autonomic ctrs Medulla, palate and pharynx; respiratory, cardio, digestive organs |
| CN XI | Function: Motor; Origin: Motor nuclei spinal cord/medulla; Pass through: jugular foramen btwn occipital/temporal bones; Destination: Internal - Voluntary muscles palate, pharynx, larynx; external - sternocleidomastoid/trapezius muscles |
| CN XII | Primary function: Motor, tongue movement; Origin: Motor nuclei of Medulla; Pass through: Hypoglossal canal occipital bone; Destination: Muscles of Tongue |
| Posterior Column Pathway | Fine-Touch, vibration, pressure, proprioception sensation - Fasciculus gracilis/cuneatus - nucleus gracilis - xover - medial lemniscus - ventral nuclei thalamus - sensory homunculus cerebrum |
| Anterior Spinothalamic Tract | Crude touch and pressure sensations - xover - anterior spinothalamic tract - ventral nuclei thalamus - sensory homunculus cerebrum |
| Lateral Spinothalamic Tract | Pain and temperature sensation - xover - lateral spinothalamic tract - ventral nuclei thalamus - sensory homunculus cerebrum |
| Spinocerebellar Pathway | Proprioceptive input Golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, joint capsules - Posterior or Anterior Spinocerebllar tract - Cerebellum |
| Basal Nuclei (Somatic Motor Control) | Modify voluntary and reflexive motor patterns subconscious level |
| Hypothalamus (Somatic Motor Control) | Controls stereotyped motor patterns related to eating, drinking, sexual activity; modifies respiratory reflexes |
| Pons/Superior Medulla Oblongata (Somatic Motor Control) | Control balance reflexes and more-complex respiratory reflexes |
| Brain Stem and Spinal Cord (Somatic Motor Control) | Control simple cranial and spinal reflexes |
| Inferior Medulla Oblongata (Somatic Motor Control) | Controls basic respiratory reflexes |
| Cerebellum (Somatic Motor Control) | Coordinates complex motor patterns |
| Thalamus/Mesencephalon (Somatic Motor Control) | Control reflexes in response to visual and auditory stimuli |
| Cerebral cortex (Somatic Motor Control) | Plans and initiates voluntary motor activity |
| Broca's Area | Speech Center |
| Wernicke's Area | Gnostic Area - perceiving and recognizing form, persons, places, things, etc. |
| Prefrontal Cortex | Most complex brain area. Performs complicated learning and reasoning functions. Emotional context and motivation also. |
| Reticular Activating System | Complex interactions between brain stem and cerebral cortex; A poorly defined network in reticular formation; Levels of consciousness |
| Delirium | Disorientation,r estlessness, confusion, hallucinations, agitation |
| Dementia | Progressive decline spatial orientation, memory, behavior, language. |
| Confusion | Reduced awareness, easily distracted, easily startled, alternates between drowsiness and excitability |
| Normal Consciousness | Aware of self and external environment, well-orientated, responsive |
| Somnolence | Extreme drowsiness, but responds normally to stimuli |
| Chronic vegetative state | Conscious but unresponsive, no evidence cortical function. |
| Asleep | Can be aroused by normal stimuli |
| Stupor | Can be aroused by extreme and/or repeated stimuli |
| Coma | Cannot be aroused and does not respond to stimuli |
| Phasic Receptors | Fast-adapting receptors |
| Tonic Receptors | Slow-adapting receptors |
| Exteroceptors | Provide information about external environment |
| Proprioceptors | Mechanoreceptor, monitor body position |
| Interoceptors | Monitor conditions inside the body |
| Nociceptors | Respond to tissue damage |
| Thermoreceptors | Respond to change in temperature |
| Mechanoreceptors | Stimulated by physical distortion, contact, pressure |
| Chemoreceptors | Monitor chemical composition of body fluids |
| Tactile Receptors | Mechanoreceptor, provides sensations of touch, pressure, and vibrations |
| Baroreceptors | Mechanoreceptor, detects pressure changes in walls of blood vessels and in portions of digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts |
| Free Nerve Endings, Tactile discs (Touch Receptors) | Responds to light contact with skin |
| Root Hair Plexus (Touch Receptor) | Responds to initial contact with hair shaft |
| Tactile corpuscle (Pressure Receptor) | Responds to initial contact and low-frequency vibrations |
| Lamellated Corpuscle (Pressure Receptor) | responds to initial contact (deep) and high-frequency vibrations |
| Ruffini Corpuscle (Pressure Receptor) | Responds to deep pressure, stretching and distortion of the dermis |
| Facial Nerve (Gustation) | Brings taste to brainstem from anterior 2/3rd Tongue. (Sour,Bitter,Salty,Sweet) |
| Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Gustation) | Brings taste to brainstem from posterior 1/3rd Tongue. Water Receptors. |
| Vagus Nerve (Gustation) | Brings taste to brainstem from small area on epiglottis |
| Gustation Pathway | Tongue - CN nerve (VIII, IX, or X) - Nucleus Solitarius - Medial Leminiscus - Thalamic Nucleus - Gustatory cortex |
| Vestibular Pathway | Semicircular Canals - Vestibular Ganglion - Vestibular Branch (CN VIII) - Vestibular nucleus - Cerebellum/Vestibulospinal Tracts/Superior colliculus and relay to cerebral cortex |
| Auditory Pathway | Cochlea - Cochlear branch (CN VIII) - Cochlear nucleus - Inferior colliculus (mesencephalon) - Medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) - Auditory cortex (Temporal lobe) |
| Vision Pathway | Light - Rod/Cones - Bipolar Cells - Ganglion Cells - AP Fired - Optic Nerve - Optic Chiasm - Optic Tract - LGN - Projection Fibers - Visual Cortex |
| Glutamate | Neurotransmitter in Central Nervous System; Excitatory both indirectly/directly; EPSPs |
| GABA | Neurotransmitter in Central Nervous System; Inhibitory; Involved with Cl-; IPSPs |
| Glycine | Neurotransmitter in Central Nervous System; Inhibitory; IPSPs |
| AcH | Neurotransmitter in Central and Peripheral Nervous System; EPSPs; Involved with Na+ and K+ Channels; Neuromuscular junctions; |
| Synaptic Transmission Pathway | AP - Ca++ Channels Open - Ca++ Flows in - Synaptic Vesicles Fuse - Release neurotransmitter synaptic cleft - binds receptor - current post-synaptic membrane - neurotransmitter pumped back in and repackaged |
| Norepinephrine | Neurotransmitter in Central Nervous System and Sympathetic Nervous System; Catecholamine ; Indirectly acts with Adernergic Receptors |
| Epinephrine | Neurotransmitter in Central Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System; Catecholamine; Indirectly acts |
| Dopamine | Neurotransmitter in Central Nervous System; Catecholamine; Indirectly acts |
| Serotonin | Neurotransmitter in Central Nervous System; acts indirectly/directly |
| Indirect Transmission Pathway | NE binds G-Protein Coupled Receptor - GDP released - GTP attached - subunit activates Enzyme - Releases cAMP - activates enzyme which phosphorylates K+ channel - K+ channel closes causing depolarization |
| Adernergic Receptor: alpha-1 | Slow excitation - Smooth muscle contracts - located on blood vessels of skin, mucosae, and abdominal viscera |
| Adernergic Receptor: beta-1 | Slow excitation - Heart rate strength increase - located in heart |
| Adernergic Receptor: beta-2 | Slow inhibition - Dilation blood vessels - located respiratory airways and blood vessels skeletal muscle and heart |
| Central Nervous System | Brain and Spinal Cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Nerves |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Division of Autonomic Nervous System; "At rest" |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Division of Autonomic Nervous System; "Fight or Flight", Stressful situations |
| Myasthenia Gravis | Autoimmune disease attacks Ach receptors; Can help via increasing amount Ach in body |
| Unipolar (Sensory Neuron) | Touch, Pressure, Pain, Taste; Proprioception; visceral organs |
| Bipolar (Sensory Neuron) | Hearing, olfaction |
| Bipolar/Multipolar (Sensory Neuron) | Vision |
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