Lymphatic System
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what are the 3 important functions of the lymphatic system | show 🗑
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show | self
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-gen | show 🗑
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humor- | show 🗑
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immun- | show 🗑
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inflamm- | show 🗑
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nod- | show 🗑
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patho- | show 🗑
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show | microscopic, closed-ended tubes
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The walls of lymphatic capillaries are formed from | show 🗑
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lymph | show 🗑
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The size of the lymphatic pathway small to large | show 🗑
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show | an endothelial lining, a middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers, and an outer layer of connective tissue
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show | which help prevent backflow of lymph
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lymph nodes | show 🗑
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lymphatic trunks | show 🗑
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show | drains lymph from the lower limbs, lower abdominal wall, and pelvic organs
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show | drains the abdominal viscera
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intercostal and bronchomediastinal trunks | show 🗑
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show | drains upper limbs
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jugular trunk | show 🗑
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collecting ducts | show 🗑
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show | wider and longer of the two collecting ducts. It originates as an enlarged sac, the cisterna chyli
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thoracic duct drains lymph from | show 🗑
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show | the left subclavian vein near its junction with the left jugular vein.
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show | right thorax at the union of the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks.
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show | right subclavian vein near its junction with the right jugular vein.
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show | the right side of the head and neck, the right upper limb, and the right thorax
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show | it enters the venous system and becomes part of the plasma just before blood returns to the right atrium.
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show | filters water and small molecules from the plasma
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plasma colloid osmotic pressure | show 🗑
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show | The accumulation of tissue fluid increasing the tissue fluid hydrostatic pressure, the force which moves tissue fluid into lymphatic capillaries, forming lymph
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show | contracting skeletal muscles in the limbs, contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the larger lymphatic trunks, and pressure changes from the action of skeletal muscles used in breathing.
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show | during exercise, due to the actions of skeletal muscles and pressure changes associated with breathing.
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show | venous
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show | The unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue associated with the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
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lymphatic nodules | show 🗑
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lymphatic nodules comprise | show 🗑
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What are the lymphatic organs, including the lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen made of? | show 🗑
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show | indented region of the lymph node where blood vessels and nerves join a lymph node
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show | enter separately at various points on its convex surface
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show | hilum
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lymphatic nodules/lymphatic follicles | show 🗑
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what are contained within lymphatic nodules | show 🗑
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show | germinal centers within lymphatic nodules
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show | T cells (T lymphocyte)
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show | Spaces in a lymph node that provide a complex network of chambers and channels through which lymph circulates
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show | drain the skin of the scalp and face, as well as the tissues of the nasal cavity and pharynx.
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show | drain the upper limbs, the wall of the thorax, the mammary glands (breasts), and the upper wall of the abdomen.
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show | located superficially on the medial side of the elbow, enlarge in children in response to infections acquired through cuts and scrapes on the hands.
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show | lymph from the lower limbs, the external genitalia, and the lower abdominal wall.
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pelvic cavity lymph nodes | show 🗑
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The lymph nodes in the abdominal cavity | show 🗑
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The lymph nodes in the thoracic cavity | show 🗑
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Thymus | show 🗑
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where is the thymus? | show 🗑
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show | spleen
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where is spleen located | show 🗑
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the venous sinuses in the spleen are filled with ___ instead of lymph? | show 🗑
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White pulp of spleen | show 🗑
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Red pulp of spleen | show 🗑
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show | Blood/lymph
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what are the 3 cell types within lymphatic tissue | show 🗑
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where are lymph nodes generally located | show 🗑
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what structures lack lymph nodes? | show 🗑
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show | disease causing agents
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Pathogens include: | show 🗑
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Viruses are pathogens, but they are not considered organisms, because | show 🗑
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innate defense | show 🗑
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show | species resistance, mechanical barriers, inflammation, chemical barriers (enzyme action, interferon, and complement), natural killer cells, phagocytosis, and fever.
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show | these protective mechanisms are very precise, targeting specific pathogens
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show | more directed responses are carried out by specialized lymphocytes that recognize foreign molecules (nonself antigens) in the body and act against them.
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innate defense responds | show 🗑
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adaptive defense responds | show 🗑
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show | species may be resistant to diseases that affect other species.
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show | The skin and mucous membranes lining the passageways of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems that prevent the entrance of some infectious agents and provide a first line of defense
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show | white blood cells, bacterial cells, and damaged tissue
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show | These fluids contain fibrinogen and other clotting factors that may stimulate formation of a network of fibrin threads in the affected region
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chemical barriers | show 🗑
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show | are proteins that lymphocytes and fibroblasts produce in response to viruses or tumor cells, stimulate phagocytosis and enhance the activity of other cells that help to resist infections and the growth of tumors.
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show | peptides produced by neutrophils and other types of granular white blood cells in the intestinal epithelium, the urogenital tract, the kidneys, and the skin, make holes in bacterial cell walls and membranes, crippling the microbes.
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collectins | show 🗑
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show | proteins (complement system), in plasma and other body fluids, that interact in an expanding series of reactions or cascade.
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show | rapid complement activation when a complement protein binds to an antibody attached to its specific antigen
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show | slower complement activation triggered by exposure to foreign antigens, in the absence of antibodies.
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show | small population of lymphocytes that are distinctly different from the lymphocytes that provide adaptive defense mechanisms, secrete perforins.
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show | secretions from NK cells, cytolytic (“cell-cutting”) substances that lyse the cell membrane, destroying the infected cell .
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show | neutrophils and monocytes
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show | smaller particles
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monocytes phagocytize | show 🗑
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interleukin-1 (IL-1) | show 🗑
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antigens may be | show 🗑
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The antigens most effective in eliciting an immune response are | show 🗑
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hapten | show 🗑
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show | 70/80 vs 20/30
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show | processed fragments of the antigen be attached to the surface of another type of cell, called an antigen-presenting cell
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cellular immune response | show 🗑
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show | polypeptides synthesized and secreted by T cells and some macrophages that enhance certain cellular responses to antigens
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what other substances do T cells secrete? | show 🗑
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helper T cell | show 🗑
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show | the type that HIV targets, is responsible for stimulating Bcells to aid immunity
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show | bind to the surfaces of antigen-bearing cells, where they release perforin protein that cuts porelike openings, destroying these cells, ontinually monitor the body’s cells, recognizing and eliminating tumor cells and cells infected with viruses.
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CD8/memory T cells | show 🗑
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antibody titer | show 🗑
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