NPN Compound & Plasma Protein Worksheet
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| What does NPN Compounds stand for? | Non Protein Nitrogen compounds
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| What are the NPN compounds? | Urea - Creatinine - Uric Acid - Ammonia - Creatine - Amino Acids
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| Do NPN compounds contain nitrogen? | Yes
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| Are NPN compounds proteins? | No
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| Which NPN conpounds are waste products? | Urea - Creatinine - Uric Acid - Ammonia
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| Which NPN compounds are building blocks? | Creatine - Amino Acids
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| What is urea the breakdown product of? | Protein (2NH3 + CO2 makes ammonia into urea)
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| Where is urea formed and from what? | In the liver from ammonia
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| What does BUN stand for? | Blood Urea Nitrogen in the blood
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| What two things affect serum BUN? | 1 - Protein ingested in the diet; Protein catabolism 2 - Urine volume (Amount of water drank)
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| What is the normal BUN range? | 7 - 20 mg/dL
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| What causes increased BUN? | Dehydration - kidney disease - UT obstruction
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| Pre-renal increased BUN is found where? | Before the kidneys - Conditions are: Dehydration, Cardiac Failure & Protein breakdown from DM (Diabetes Mellitlis)
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| Renal caused increase in BUN is found where? | In the kidney - Conditions are: Glomerulonephritis & Polycystic
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| Post renal increased BUN is found where? | After the kidney (Usually a Urinary Track Obstruction) - Conditions are: Kidney Stones & enlarged Prostate
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| What is azotemia? | Increased NPN compounds in the blood
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| NOTE concerning increased NPN Compounds (azotemia): | Azotemia is to kidneys what hyperglycemia is to diabetics
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| What is the function of creatine & phosphocreatine? | High energy storage in the brain & muscle
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| What does creatine & phosphocreatine break down into? | Creatinine
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| Is creatinine a building block or waste product? | Waste product - goes out in the urine
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| What is the rate of break down for creatine & phosphocreatine on a daily basis? | A constant rate of 2% a day
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| Where does creatine & phosphocreatine break down? | In th muscle
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| When is serum creatine increased? | 1 - Kidney Disease 2 - Muscle destruction such as MD
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| What are the two tests to assess kidney function? | 1 - BUN 2 - Creatinine
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| Give the three (3) names for what is uric acid the break down product of? | Nucleic acids, Nucleopioteins, Purines
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| Nucleic acids, Nucleopioteins, Purines are the building blocks of what? | Genetic material - DNA & RNA
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| Where is uric acid formed? | In the liver from diet, some made by body
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| Which foods are high in purines? | High protein meats - Fish - Poultry - Organ Meats
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| When is uric acid increased in the serum? | 1 - Gout (Can cause uric acid kidney stones) 2 - Cell turnover diseases (Leukemia & Polycythemia)
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| What is gout? | Hyperuricemia (High uric in the blood) which causes uric acid crystals deposited in the joints
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| What are the three (3) places ammonia is made? | 1 - From the breakdown of proteins 2 - Bacteria in the intestines 3 - Kidney tubules
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| Failure of which organ would cause increased serum ammonia? | Liver
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| What are amino acids? | Building blocks of proteins
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| Urea, creatinine,uric acid, ammonia, creatine & amino acids are examples of what? | NPN compounds
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| Albumin, fibrinogen, alpha globulins, beta & gamma are examples of what? | Plasma Proteins
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| What percentage of plasma is protein? | 7%
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| What are the percentage breeakdowns of the five (5) plasma proteins that make up the 7% of protein in Plasma? | 55% is Albumin - 6.5% is Fibrinogen - Alpha Globulins with Beta Globulins & Gamma Globulins make up 38.5%
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| Where are Alpha, Beta Globulins, Albumin and Fibrinogen made? | In the liver
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| Where are Gamma Globulins made? | In the Reticuloendothelial system (RES)
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| What is the name of the part of the Reticuloendothelial where Gamma Globulins are made? | Blymphocytes
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| What are the functions of proteins? | 1 - Trans port of metal ions, hormones & lipids 2 - Energy 3 - Storage for amino acids
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| What is the function of the protein fraction Albumin? | To maintain normal blood volume
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| What is the function of the protein fraction Fibrinogen? | Neceessary for cloting of blood
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| What is the function of the protein fraction Gamma Globulins? | Antibodies
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| What does TSP stand for? | Total Serum Protein
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| What does Total Serum Protein mean? | That there is no fibrinigen
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| What does TSP measure? | The sum of all Albumin and Globlins
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| What is the normal level of TSP? | 6.0 - 8.3 g/dL
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| What are two causes of increased TSP? | Dehydration & Multiple Mycloma
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| What is Multiple Myeloma? | Increased gamma Globulin production
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| What are two causes of decreased TSP? | Nephrotic Syndrome & Liver Disease
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| What does A/G ratio stand for? | Albumin divided by Globulins
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| What is the normal A/G ratio result? | 1.0 to 2.5
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| What are the three (3) diseases that cause the A/G ratio to decrease? | 1 - Liver Disease 2 - Kidney Disease 3 - Multiple Myeloma
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| What is electrophoresis? | A high complexity test that is the follow up test used to seperate proteins into specfic fractions by the movement of charged particles in an electric field
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| NOTE: Protein in the liver becomes urea which is measured in the blood. This measurement of urea is called | BUN
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| What affects BUN? | Diet, urine volume
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| Creatine goes into the muscle and comes out what? | creatinine
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| Nucleic acids / purines go to the liver and come out as what? | Uric acid
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| Raised ammonia is a sign of what? | Liver disease
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