Digestive System part 1
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| What two groups are organs divided into? | 1. The alimentary canal (GI tract)
2. Accessory digestive organs
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| What are the organs of the alimentary canal? | 1. Mouth, pharynx, and esophagus
2. Stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (Colon)
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| What are the Accessory Digestive Organs? | 1. Teeth and tongue
2. Gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
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| Accessory digestive organs lie what to the alimentary canal? | lie external
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| How are the Accessory digestive organs and the alimentary canal connected? | by ducts
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| What do the accessory digestive organs secrete? | bile, saliva, and digestive enzymes
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| Sate the Digestive Process. | 1. Ingestion 2. Propulsion 3. Mechanical digestion. 4 Chemical digestion 5. Absorption
6. Defecation
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| What group of organs does Peristalsis take place in? | Alimentary Canal
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| What is Peristalsis? | a means of propulsion by action of smooth muscle in walls of alimentary canal
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| How does Peristalsis work? | adjacent segments of the alimentary canal relax and contract in alternate waves
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| What does Peristalsis function to do? | functions to mix and propel food
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| Where does segmentation take place? | in the intestines
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| What is segmentation? | Rhythmic coordinated constrictions of non adjacent areas of the intestines
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| What does segmentation function to do? | mixes food with digestive juices
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| What does segmentation increase and how? | it increases the efficiency of nutrient absorption by repeatedly moving different parts of food over intestine wall
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| What is the Peritoneum | a continuous serous membrane with two layers
1. Parietal Peritoneum 2. Visceral Peritoneum
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| What does the Parietal Peritoneum do? | lines the internal surface of the body wall (abdominopelvic wall)
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| What does the Visceral Peritoneum do? | surrounds the digestive organs
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| Visceral and Parietal Peritoneum are what with each other? | they are CONTINUOUS with each other
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| What is the Peritoneal cavity? | a slit like potential space between Parietal Peritoneum and Visceral Peritoneum
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| There is no what in Peritoneal Cavity? | there is no viscera
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| The Peritoneal cavity contains what that allows? | cavity contains serous fluid that allows organs to glide easily over one another
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| What does it mean when an organ is in the Retro-peritoneal? | 1. Behind the peritoneum
2. Do NOT have a mesentary
3. only partially covered with peritoneum
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| What happens to Retro-Peritoneal organs during development? | they become part of the posterior abdominal wall
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| State examples of Mesentery organs. | Liver, stomach, most small intestine, and transverse and sigmoid colon
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| What are the functions of Mesenteries? | 1. provides a route for blood vessels and nerves to reach the organ
2. holds organs in place
3. sites of fat storage
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| What are Mesenteries? | a double layer of peritoneum pointing away from the abdominal wall to cover all or part of one organ
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| What are Interaperitoneal Organs? | Orangs that are almost completely covered with visceral peritoneum
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| What do Interperitoneal organs have that Retro-Peritoneal organs don't have? | mesentery
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| What are four basic layers of the wall of the alimentary canal from the esophagus to the anus? (starting with innermost layer) | 1. mucosa
2. submucosa
3. muscularis externa
4. seros
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| What is the inner most layer of the wall of the alimentary canal? and what are its sublayers? | mucosa
1. Epithelium, Lamina propria, Muscularis mucosae
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| Which layer of the wall of alimentary canal is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation? | muscularis externa
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| The INNERVATION of motility and secretion in the alimentary canal (GI tract) depends on what things? | 1. Extrinsic parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation
2. Intrinsic innervation by Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
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| What contains all neurons of ENS, parasympathetic, sympathetic and visceral sensory fibers of ANS? | Nerve Plexuses in GI wall
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| What are two types of Nerve Plexuses? | 1. Myenteric Nerve Plexus
2. Submucosal Nerve Plexus
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| Where is the Myenteric nerve plexus located and what does it do? | 1. in the muscularis extrema
2. controls peristalsis and segmentation
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| What controls peristalsis and segmentation? | Myenteric nerve plexus
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| Where is submucosal nerve plexus located and what does it do? | 1. in the submucosa
2. signals glands in the mucosa to secrete and muscularis mucosae to contract
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| What happens in the mouth? | food is chewed, manipulated and by tongue and moistened with saliva
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| What lines the mouth? | mucosa with stratified squamous epithelium
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| What is the function of the lips and cheek? | to help keep food inside mouth during chewing
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| What are the lips and cheeks formed from? | the lips are formed from orbicularis oris and the cheeks are formed by the buccinator muscles
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| What forms the roof of the mouth? | the palate
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| What is the tongue? | a mass of skeletal muscles covered by mucous membrane
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| What are the functions of the tongue? | 1. Grips food and repositions it
2. Helps form some consonants
3. Houses taste buds
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| Where are intrinsic tongue muscles and what do they do? | 1. within the tongue; not attached to the bone
2. alter the shape of the tongue
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| Where are extrinsic tongue muscles and what do they do? | 1. external to the tongue
2. alter the position of the tongue
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| What are the three types of tongue papillae and which ones contain taste buds? | 1. Filiform papillae- do not contain taste buds
2. Fungiform papillae- do contain taste buds
3. Circumvallate Papillae- do contain taste buds
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| Three Salivary Glands. | Parotid gland, Sublingual gland, and submandibular gland
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| What is the PHARYNX lined with? | stratified squamous epithelium
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| What pharyngeal constrictors and what do they do? | 1.voluntary skeletal muscles
2. contract in sequence, from superior to inferior, to squeeze the bolus into the esophagus
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| What innervated the Pharyngeal Constrictors? | Vagus Nerve (CN X)
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| What does the esophagus pass through in the diaphragm? | esophageal hiatus
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| The esophagus joins to the stomach at the what? | cardiac orifice
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| What closes off the lumen of the esophagus and what does this do? | 1. cardiac sphincter
2. prevents regurgitation of acidic juices from stomach
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| The Esophagus has all 4 layers of the alimentary canal except what? and what is it replaced with? | 1. serosa
2. replaced with adventitia
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| Why does adventitia replace serosa in esophagus wall? | because peritoneum is not present about diaphragm
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