Tissue crap and whatnot
Help!
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| Epithelial tissue | -Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion
-Cover body surface, cover and line internal organs, compose glands
-Lack blood vessels, cells readily divide, cells are tightly packed
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| Connective tissue | -Bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells
-Widely distributed throughout the body
-Mostly have good blood supply, cells are farther apart than epithelial cells, with extracellular matrix in between
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| Muscle tissue | -Movement
-Attached to bones, in the walls of hollow internal organs, heart
-Able to contract in response to specific stimuli
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| Nervous tissue | Conduct impulses for coordination, regulation, integration, and sensory reception
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| Tight junctions: | -Membranes of adjacent cells merge and fuse.
-Located among cells that form linings, sheet-like layers.
-Blood-brain barrier.
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| Desmosomes: | -Form “spot welds” between cells.
-Structural reinforcement.
-Located among outer skin cells.
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| Gap junctions: | -Tubular channels between cells.
-Molecules can move between cells.
-Located in cardiac muscle cells.
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| Epithelial tissue classification and shapes | Classified according to cell shape and cell layers
Shapes: squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Layers: simple (one layer of cells), stratified (2 or more layer of cells), or pseudostratified (appears layered, but is not).
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| Simple squamous: | -Single layer of thin, flat cells
-Substances pass easily through air sacs (alveoli) & capillaries.
-Thin & delicate, can be damaged.
-Found in diffusion & filtration sites.
-Lines air sacs (alveoli) & capillaries.
-Lines blood & lymphatic vessels.
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| Simple cuboidal: | -Single layer of cube-shaped cells.
-Secretion and absorption.
-Lines kidney tubules, thyroid follicles.
-Covers ovaries.
-Lines ducts of some glands.
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| Simple columnar: | -Single layer of elongated cells.
-Nuclei usually at same level, near basement membrane.
-Sometimes have cilia.
-Sometimes have microvilli.
-Sometimes have goblet cells (secrete mucus).
-Secretion and absorption.
-Lines uterus, stomach, intestines
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| Pseudostratified columnar: | -Single layer, but appears layered.
-Nuclei at 2 or more levels.
-Cells vary in shape.
-Often has cilia, goblet cells.
-Protection from infection.
-Lines respiratory passageways.
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| Stratified squamous: | -Many cell layers; thick.
-Protective layer.
-Outermost cells are flat.
-Deeper cells are cuboidal.
-New cells form, push older cell toward free surface.
-Outer layer of skin (keratinized).
-Lines oral cavity, vagina, anal canal.
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| Stratified cuboidal: | -2 to 3 layers of cube-shaped cells.
-More protection than 1 layer.
-Lines ducts of mammary, sweat, & salivary glands, and pancreas.
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| Stratified columnar: | -Top layer of elongated cells.
-Cube-shaped cells in deeper layers.
-Lines part of male urethra, ducts of exocrine glands.
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| Transitional (uroepithelium): | -Many cell layers.
-Cube-shaped and elongated cells.
-Changes shape with increased tension; stretches.
-Line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra.
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| Glandular Epithelium | Composed of cells that produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids
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| There are 2 types of glands | Endocrine glands
Exocrine glands
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| Endocrine glands | secrete into tissue fluid or blood.
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| Exocrine glands | secrete into ducts that open onto surface.
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| 2 structural types of exocrine glands: | Unicellular
Multicellular
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| Unicellular exocrine gland | Composed of one cell, such as a goblet cell (secretes mucus).
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| Multicellular exocrine gland | -Composed of many cells.
-Sweat glands, salivary glands, etc.
-Simple or compound.
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| Simple structure Exocrine gland | duct does not branch
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| Compound structure Exocrine gland | duct branches before it reaches secretory portion
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| Tubular structure Exocine gland | consist of epithelial-lined tubes
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| Aveolar structure Exocrine gland | terminal portions form sac-like dilations
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| Merocrine glands: | Secrete fluid products by exocytosis; salivary & sweat glands, pancreas
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| Apocrine glands: | Lose small part of cell during secretion; mammary & ceruminous glands
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| Holocrine glands: | Release entire cells filled with product; sebaceous glands
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| Fibroblasts: | -Major cell type of Connective tissue
-Most common fixed cell.
-Large star-shaped cell.
-Secrete fibers into extracellular matrix.
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| Macrophages (Histiocytes): | -Major cell type of Connective tissue
-Usually attached to fibers, but can detach and wander
-Conduct phagocytosis.
-Defend against infection.
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| Mast Cells: | -Major cell type of Connective tissue
-Large cells.
-Release heparin to prevent blood clotting.
-Release histamine, which causes inflammatory response.
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| Fibroblasts produce 3 types of fibers in connective tissue | Collagen fibers
Elastic (yellow) fibers
Reticular fibers
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| Collagen Fibers: | -Thick threads of collagen, the body’s main structural protein.
-Great tensile strength and flexible, slightly elastic.
-Found in ligaments and tendons.
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| Elastic (Yellow) Fibers: | -Composed of elastin protein; branching.
-Can stretch and return to original shape.
-Not as strong as collagen fibers.
-Found in vocal cords, respiratory air passages.
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| Reticular Fibers: | -Thin, branching fibers of collagen.
-Form delicate, supporting networks.
-Found in spleen, liver.
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| Connective Tissue Proper: | Loose connective tissues
Dense connective tissues
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| Dense connective tissues | Dense Regular.
Dense Irregular.
Elastic.
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| Loose connective tissues: | Areolar.
Adipose.
Reticular.
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| Specialized connective tissues: | Cartilage
Bone
Blood
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| Areolar Connective Tissue: | -Forms thin, delicate membranes.
-Cells are mainly fibroblasts.
-Gel-like ground substance.
-Collagenous & elastic fibers.
-In subcutaneous layer.
-Beneath most epithelia, where it nourishes nearby epithelial cells.
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| Adipose Tissue: | -Adipocytes store fat.
-Push their nuclei to one side.
-Crowd out other cell types.
-Cushions and insulates.
-Beneath skin (subcutaneous layer).
-Behind eyeballs.
-Around kidneys and heart.
-Spaces between muscles
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| Reticular Connective Tissue: | -Composed of thin reticular fibers.
-Supports walls of internal organs.
-Walls of liver, spleen.
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| Dense Regular Connective Tissue: | -Closely packed collagenous fibers.
-Fine network of elastic fibers.
-Most cells are fibroblasts.
-Very strong, withstands pulling.
-Binds body parts together.
-Tendons, ligaments, dermis.
-Poor blood supply; slow to heal.
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| Dense Irregular Connective Tissue: | -Randomly organized, thick, interwoven collagenous fibers.
-Can withstand tension exerted from different directions.
-Dermis of skin.
-Around skeletal muscles.
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| Elastic Connective Tissue: | -Abundant yellow elastic fibers.
-Some collagenous fibers.
-Fibroblasts.
-Attachments between bones of spinal column.
-Walls of hollow organs, such as large arteries, airways.
-Parts of heart.
-Elastic quality, stretches.
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| Cartilage: | Rigid specialized connective tissue
Support&framework
Lack blood supply
Matrix contains collagen in gel-like substance
Chondrocytes in lacunae surround by matrix
Covered by perichondrium which provides some nutrients to cartilage
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| 3 types of cartilage: | Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage.
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| Hyaline cartilage: | Most common type.
Fine collagen fibers.
Ends of bones in joints Nose, respiratory passages.
Embryonic skeleton.
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| Elastic cartilage: | Flexible, due to elastic fibers in matrix.
External ear, larynx.
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| Fibrocartilage: | Very tough, due to many collagenous fibers.
Shock absorber.
Intervertebral discs.
Pads of knee and pelvic girdle.
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| Bone (Osseous Tissue): | Most rigid connective tissue
Solid matrix, composed of mineral salts & collagen
Supports structures
Protects vital structures
Produces blood cells
Stores & releases C a, P
Attachment sites for muscles
Forms skeleton
Contain osteocytes in lacunae
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| 2 types of bone tissue | compact and spongy.
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| Compact Bone: | Osteoblasts deposit matrix in lamellae (layers).
Lamellae occur in rings around central canals.
Osteocytes + matrix + central canal form cylindrical units called.
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| Osteons: | Osteons are cemented together to form compact bone.
Central canals contain blood vessels; bone is well-nourished, heals more quickly than cartilage.
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| Blood: | Cells suspended in fluid matrix called plasma.
Red blood cells transport gases.
White blood cells defend again infection.
Platelets help in blood clotting.
Transports substances around body.
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| Epithelial membranes | are composed of epithelial and connective tissue; cover body surfaces and line cavities
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| 3 types of epithelial membranes | Serous membranes
Mucous membranes
Cutaneous membran
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| Serous membranes: | Line body cavities that do not open to outside of body.
Inner linings of thorax and abdomen; covers organs.
Simple squamous epithelium + areolar connective tissue.
Secrete serous fluid for lubrication, reducing friction.
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| Mucous membranes: | Line cavities and tubes that open to the outside of body.
Lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
Epithelium + areolar connective tissue.
Goblet cells secrete mucus.
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| Cutaneous membranes: | Covers body surface.
Commonly called skin.
Part of integumentary system.
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| Synovial membranes: | Different from epithelial membranes.
Composed entirely of connective tissue.
Line joint cavities.
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| Skeletal muscle tissue: | Attached to bones.
Striated.
Voluntary.
Multinucleated cells.
Long cylindrical cells.
Stimulated by nerve cells.
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| Smooth muscle tissue: | Non-striated.
Spindle-shaped fibers.
Walls of hollow organs.
Walls of blood vessels.
Involuntary.
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| Cardiac muscle tissue: | Only in wall of heart.
Branching cells.
Involuntary.
Striated.
Intercalated discs.
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| Nervous tissues: | Found in brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
Main cells are neurons, which are specialized for communication via conduction of nerve impulses
Neurons coordinate, integrate,®ulate body functions
Neuroglia support&nourish neurons
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