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Anatomy Ch 5
Tissue crap and whatnot
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Epithelial tissue | -Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion -Cover body surface, cover and line internal organs, compose glands -Lack blood vessels, cells readily divide, cells are tightly packed |
| Connective tissue | -Bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells -Widely distributed throughout the body -Mostly have good blood supply, cells are farther apart than epithelial cells, with extracellular matrix in between |
| Muscle tissue | -Movement -Attached to bones, in the walls of hollow internal organs, heart -Able to contract in response to specific stimuli |
| Nervous tissue | Conduct impulses for coordination, regulation, integration, and sensory reception |
| Tight junctions: | -Membranes of adjacent cells merge and fuse. -Located among cells that form linings, sheet-like layers. -Blood-brain barrier. |
| Desmosomes: | -Form “spot welds” between cells. -Structural reinforcement. -Located among outer skin cells. |
| Gap junctions: | -Tubular channels between cells. -Molecules can move between cells. -Located in cardiac muscle cells. |
| Epithelial tissue classification and shapes | Classified according to cell shape and cell layers Shapes: squamous, cuboidal, columnar Layers: simple (one layer of cells), stratified (2 or more layer of cells), or pseudostratified (appears layered, but is not). |
| Simple squamous: | -Single layer of thin, flat cells -Substances pass easily through air sacs (alveoli) & capillaries. -Thin & delicate, can be damaged. -Found in diffusion & filtration sites. -Lines air sacs (alveoli) & capillaries. -Lines blood & lymphatic vessels. |
| Simple cuboidal: | -Single layer of cube-shaped cells. -Secretion and absorption. -Lines kidney tubules, thyroid follicles. -Covers ovaries. -Lines ducts of some glands. |
| Simple columnar: | -Single layer of elongated cells. -Nuclei usually at same level, near basement membrane. -Sometimes have cilia. -Sometimes have microvilli. -Sometimes have goblet cells (secrete mucus). -Secretion and absorption. -Lines uterus, stomach, intestines |
| Pseudostratified columnar: | -Single layer, but appears layered. -Nuclei at 2 or more levels. -Cells vary in shape. -Often has cilia, goblet cells. -Protection from infection. -Lines respiratory passageways. |
| Stratified squamous: | -Many cell layers; thick. -Protective layer. -Outermost cells are flat. -Deeper cells are cuboidal. -New cells form, push older cell toward free surface. -Outer layer of skin (keratinized). -Lines oral cavity, vagina, anal canal. |
| Stratified cuboidal: | -2 to 3 layers of cube-shaped cells. -More protection than 1 layer. -Lines ducts of mammary, sweat, & salivary glands, and pancreas. |
| Stratified columnar: | -Top layer of elongated cells. -Cube-shaped cells in deeper layers. -Lines part of male urethra, ducts of exocrine glands. |
| Transitional (uroepithelium): | -Many cell layers. -Cube-shaped and elongated cells. -Changes shape with increased tension; stretches. -Line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra. |
| Glandular Epithelium | Composed of cells that produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids |
| There are 2 types of glands | Endocrine glands Exocrine glands |
| Endocrine glands | secrete into tissue fluid or blood. |
| Exocrine glands | secrete into ducts that open onto surface. |
| 2 structural types of exocrine glands: | Unicellular Multicellular |
| Unicellular exocrine gland | Composed of one cell, such as a goblet cell (secretes mucus). |
| Multicellular exocrine gland | -Composed of many cells. -Sweat glands, salivary glands, etc. -Simple or compound. |
| Simple structure Exocrine gland | duct does not branch |
| Compound structure Exocrine gland | duct branches before it reaches secretory portion |
| Tubular structure Exocine gland | consist of epithelial-lined tubes |
| Aveolar structure Exocrine gland | terminal portions form sac-like dilations |
| Merocrine glands: | Secrete fluid products by exocytosis; salivary & sweat glands, pancreas |
| Apocrine glands: | Lose small part of cell during secretion; mammary & ceruminous glands |
| Holocrine glands: | Release entire cells filled with product; sebaceous glands |
| Fibroblasts: | -Major cell type of Connective tissue -Most common fixed cell. -Large star-shaped cell. -Secrete fibers into extracellular matrix. |
| Macrophages (Histiocytes): | -Major cell type of Connective tissue -Usually attached to fibers, but can detach and wander -Conduct phagocytosis. -Defend against infection. |
| Mast Cells: | -Major cell type of Connective tissue -Large cells. -Release heparin to prevent blood clotting. -Release histamine, which causes inflammatory response. |
| Fibroblasts produce 3 types of fibers in connective tissue | Collagen fibers Elastic (yellow) fibers Reticular fibers |
| Collagen Fibers: | -Thick threads of collagen, the body’s main structural protein. -Great tensile strength and flexible, slightly elastic. -Found in ligaments and tendons. |
| Elastic (Yellow) Fibers: | -Composed of elastin protein; branching. -Can stretch and return to original shape. -Not as strong as collagen fibers. -Found in vocal cords, respiratory air passages. |
| Reticular Fibers: | -Thin, branching fibers of collagen. -Form delicate, supporting networks. -Found in spleen, liver. |
| Connective Tissue Proper: | Loose connective tissues Dense connective tissues |
| Dense connective tissues | Dense Regular. Dense Irregular. Elastic. |
| Loose connective tissues: | Areolar. Adipose. Reticular. |
| Specialized connective tissues: | Cartilage Bone Blood |
| Areolar Connective Tissue: | -Forms thin, delicate membranes. -Cells are mainly fibroblasts. -Gel-like ground substance. -Collagenous & elastic fibers. -In subcutaneous layer. -Beneath most epithelia, where it nourishes nearby epithelial cells. |
| Adipose Tissue: | -Adipocytes store fat. -Push their nuclei to one side. -Crowd out other cell types. -Cushions and insulates. -Beneath skin (subcutaneous layer). -Behind eyeballs. -Around kidneys and heart. -Spaces between muscles |
| Reticular Connective Tissue: | -Composed of thin reticular fibers. -Supports walls of internal organs. -Walls of liver, spleen. |
| Dense Regular Connective Tissue: | -Closely packed collagenous fibers. -Fine network of elastic fibers. -Most cells are fibroblasts. -Very strong, withstands pulling. -Binds body parts together. -Tendons, ligaments, dermis. -Poor blood supply; slow to heal. |
| Dense Irregular Connective Tissue: | -Randomly organized, thick, interwoven collagenous fibers. -Can withstand tension exerted from different directions. -Dermis of skin. -Around skeletal muscles. |
| Elastic Connective Tissue: | -Abundant yellow elastic fibers. -Some collagenous fibers. -Fibroblasts. -Attachments between bones of spinal column. -Walls of hollow organs, such as large arteries, airways. -Parts of heart. -Elastic quality, stretches. |
| Cartilage: | Rigid specialized connective tissue Support&framework Lack blood supply Matrix contains collagen in gel-like substance Chondrocytes in lacunae surround by matrix Covered by perichondrium which provides some nutrients to cartilage |
| 3 types of cartilage: | Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage. |
| Hyaline cartilage: | Most common type. Fine collagen fibers. Ends of bones in joints Nose, respiratory passages. Embryonic skeleton. |
| Elastic cartilage: | Flexible, due to elastic fibers in matrix. External ear, larynx. |
| Fibrocartilage: | Very tough, due to many collagenous fibers. Shock absorber. Intervertebral discs. Pads of knee and pelvic girdle. |
| Bone (Osseous Tissue): | Most rigid connective tissue Solid matrix, composed of mineral salts & collagen Supports structures Protects vital structures Produces blood cells Stores & releases C a, P Attachment sites for muscles Forms skeleton Contain osteocytes in lacunae |
| 2 types of bone tissue | compact and spongy. |
| Compact Bone: | Osteoblasts deposit matrix in lamellae (layers). Lamellae occur in rings around central canals. Osteocytes + matrix + central canal form cylindrical units called. |
| Osteons: | Osteons are cemented together to form compact bone. Central canals contain blood vessels; bone is well-nourished, heals more quickly than cartilage. |
| Blood: | Cells suspended in fluid matrix called plasma. Red blood cells transport gases. White blood cells defend again infection. Platelets help in blood clotting. Transports substances around body. |
| Epithelial membranes | are composed of epithelial and connective tissue; cover body surfaces and line cavities |
| 3 types of epithelial membranes | Serous membranes Mucous membranes Cutaneous membran |
| Serous membranes: | Line body cavities that do not open to outside of body. Inner linings of thorax and abdomen; covers organs. Simple squamous epithelium + areolar connective tissue. Secrete serous fluid for lubrication, reducing friction. |
| Mucous membranes: | Line cavities and tubes that open to the outside of body. Lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. Epithelium + areolar connective tissue. Goblet cells secrete mucus. |
| Cutaneous membranes: | Covers body surface. Commonly called skin. Part of integumentary system. |
| Synovial membranes: | Different from epithelial membranes. Composed entirely of connective tissue. Line joint cavities. |
| Skeletal muscle tissue: | Attached to bones. Striated. Voluntary. Multinucleated cells. Long cylindrical cells. Stimulated by nerve cells. |
| Smooth muscle tissue: | Non-striated. Spindle-shaped fibers. Walls of hollow organs. Walls of blood vessels. Involuntary. |
| Cardiac muscle tissue: | Only in wall of heart. Branching cells. Involuntary. Striated. Intercalated discs. |
| Nervous tissues: | Found in brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves Main cells are neurons, which are specialized for communication via conduction of nerve impulses Neurons coordinate, integrate,®ulate body functions Neuroglia support&nourish neurons |
Created by:
Devtemrys
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