skeleton chapter 21
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| What are other common skeletal system disorders | Bunion, Bursitis, Carpel tunnel syndrome, Gout.
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| Risk factors of osteoporosis.... | lack of weight bearing exercise, caucasian females who have never been pregnant and experience early menopause, history of corticosteroid use, smoking, drinking alcohol, diets high in salt, caffeine, or have insufficient intake of calcium or vitamin d.
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| Arthritis is treated by... | pain reduction, surgical puncture, modification of daily activities, rest, low impact exercise.
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| Osteomalacia is.. | softening of the bones.
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| Osteoporosis is.. | decrease in bone mass that results in thinning and weakening of the bone.
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| Rickets is... | deficienty in calcium and vitamin d in early childhood
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| Osteomyelitis is.... | Inflammation of the bone and marrow due to infection.
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| Spinal stenosis is... | narrowing of the spinal canal.
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| Symptoms of arthritis are.... | joint pain, swelling morning stiffness, warmth, redness, decreased ability to move the joing.
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| Eversion is... | turning a body part outward
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| What is the most common type of arthritis? | Osteoarthritis
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| Dislocation means that a joint is no longer | in normal position.
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| In osteoporosis the bones become... | more porous especially in the spine and pelvis.
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| How is osteoporosis diagnosed | by a bone density test
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| Paget's disease is a...... | Metabolic disease.
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| A ruptured inter-vertebral disk is also known as a.... | slipped disk
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| What consists of a series of vertebrae that are connected in such a way as to form four spinal curves? | Vertebral column
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| Scoliosis usually appears in.... | Adolescense in periods of rapid growth
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| Inflammation of one or more joints is | Arthritis
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| Protraction | Moving a body part forward.
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| Retraction | Moving a body part backward.
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| Extension | Straightening a body part
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| What are the risks of having an open fracture? | Infection and hemorrhage
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| C-1 is also known as | atlas
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| C2 is also known as | axis
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| Appendicular skeleton consits of | Upper extrimities, Lower extrimities, pelvic gurdle, and the pectorial girtle.
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| Male pelvis is | shaped like a funnel, narrower than a females, stronger and heavier, more suitable for lifting and running
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| Female pelvis is | shaped like a basin, oval to round, wider and lighter, constructed to accomidate a fetus during pregnancy
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| Three abnormal curvatures of the spine | Scoliosis, Lordosis, Kyphosis
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| Scoliosis | A lateral curvation of the spine {looks like an s}
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| Lordosis | Exaggerated lumbar curvation {also known as swayback}
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| Kyphosis | Normal thoracic curvature becomes exaggerated {also known as humpback}
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| Rotation | moving a body part around a central axis
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| How much bone mass does a women lose after age 35? | 1% per year
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| When do women stop building bone? | Age 35
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| Closed fracture | simple fracture that does not go through the skin
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| Open fracture | compound fracture that does go through the skin. more dangerous
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| Greenstick fracture | one side of the bone breaks: the other side just bends. occurs in young children
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| spiral fracture | produced by twisting stress spreading along the length of a bone
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| Colle's fracture | Usually a break in th distal portion of the radius. Happen in children and the elderly
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| Pott's fracture | occurs in the ankle and affects both the tibula nad the fibula
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| functions of skeletons bones | provides shape and support, protects internal organs, store mineral salt, calcium and phosphoris, plays significant part in blood-cell formation, gives the skeletal muscle somewhere to attach, and helps provide movement
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| compression fracture | occurs in the vertebae after sever stress.
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| shapes of bones | long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, sutural
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| Bones are classified by | shape
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| Medullary canal | narrow space or cavity throughout the length of the diaphysis: contains yellow bone marrow.
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| Endosteum | tough connective membrane lining the medullary canal contains bone marrow
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| Compact bone | the dense hard layer of bone tissue
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| Diaphysis | The shaft of a long bone
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| Epiphysis | The ends of a developing bone
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| Cancellous or spongy bone | the membrane that makes up most of the volume of the bone. contains red bone marrow.
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| Axial skeleton | Central part of the skeleton
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| joint | Articulation located where two bones connect.
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| adduction | moving a body part toward midline
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| abduction | moving a body part away from midline
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| How are joints classified | according to the type of movement they provide
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| circumduction | moving a body part in a circular motion
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| dorsiflexion | bending a body part backward
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| Diarthrotic | joints that allow free movement
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| Synarthrotic | Joints that have no movement
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| Amphiarthrotic | Joints that allow very slight movement
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| supination | lying face up or palm/foot up
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| pronation | lying face down or palm down
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| flexion | bending or curving of the spine
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| axial skeleton includes | skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, sacrum, and coccyx
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| appendicular skeleton includes the | extremities
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| transverse frature | fracture breaks the shaft of the bone longitudinally
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| comminuted fracture | part of the bone is shattered into a multitude of bony fragments
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| periosteum | membrane that forms the covering of the bone except for the articular surfaces
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| Four spinal curves | cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccyx
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| Inversion | moving a body part inward
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| Rheumatoid arthritis | an autoimmune disorder in which the joints may actually become deformed due to the inflammation
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