Terminology
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| heart | muscular cone-shaped organ the size of a fist, located behind the sternum (breast bone) & between the lungs. The pumping action of the heart circulates blood throughout the body. (See StudyStack "notes" for more info on this term.)
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| tricuspid valve | located between the right atrium & right ventricle
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| mitral valve | located between the left atrium & left ventricle
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| semilunar valves | pulmonary & aortic valves located between the right ventricle & the pulmonary artery & between the left ventricle & the aorta
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| pericardium | two-layer sac consisting of an external fibrous & and internal serous layer. The serous layer secretes a fluid that facilitates movement of the heart. This layer also covers the heart & is called the epicardium.
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| blood vessels | tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body
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| arteries | blood vessels that carry blood away from heart. All arteries, with exception of the pulmonary artery, carry oxygen & nutrients from the heart to the body cells. The Pulmonary Artery carries carbon dioxide & other waste products from the heart to lungs.
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| arterioles | smallest arteries
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| aorta | largest artery in the body, originating at the left ventricle & descending through the thorax & abdomen
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| veins | blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. All veins, with the exception of the pulmonary veins, carry blood containing carbon dioxide & other waste products. The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
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| venules | smallest veins
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| venae cavae | largest veins in the body. The Inferior Vena Cava carries blood to the heart from body parts below the diaphragm, & the Superior Vena Cava returns the blood to the heart from the upper part of the body.
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| capillaries | microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules. Materials are passed between the blood & tissue through the capillary walls.
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| blood | composed of Plasma & Formed Elements, such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, & thrombocytes (platelets)
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| plasma | clear, straw-colored, liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended. Plasma is approximately 90% water & comprises approximately 55% of the total blood volume.
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| erythrocytes | red blood cells that carry oxygen. Erythrocytes develop in bone marrow.
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| leukocytes | white blood cells that combat infection & respond to inflammation. There are five types of white blood cells.
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| platelets (thrombocytes) | one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process
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| serum | clear, watery fluid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed
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| lymph | transparent, colorless, tissue fluid that, on entering the lymphatic system, is called lymph. Lymph contains lymphocytes & monocytes & flows in a one-way direction to the heart. Lymph is similar to blood plasma.
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| lymphatic vessels | like veins, lymph vessels transport lymph from body tissues to the chest, where it enters the cardiovascular system. Vessels begin as capillaries spread through the body then merge into larger tubes that become ducts in chest. (See notes for more info.)
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| lymph nodes | small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue. -May be singular/grouped together along the path of the lymph vessels. The nodes filter lymph to keep substances like bacteria & other foreign agents from entering blood. They also produce lymphocytes.
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| spleen | located in left side of abdominal cavity b/w stomach & diaphragm. In adulthood, it is the largest lymphatic organ. Blood, not lymph, flows through spleen. Blood is cleansed of microorganisms in spleen. It stores blood & destroys worn out red blood cells.
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| thymus gland | one of the primary lymphatic organs, it's located anterior to the ascending aorta & posterior to sternum b/w lungs. It's important to development of immune system, esp. infancy to puberty. Around puberty it atrophies so most of it is connective tissue.
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| angi/o | vessel (usually refers to blood vessel)
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| aort/o | aorta
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| arteri/o | artery
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| atri/o | atrium
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| cardi/o | heart
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| lymphaden/o | lymph node
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| lymph/o | lymph, lymph tissue
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| myel/o | bone marrow
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| phleb/o, ven/o | vein
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| plasm/o | plasma
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| splen/o | spleen
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| thym/o | thymus gland
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| valv/o, valvul/o | valve
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| ventricul/o | ventricle
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| ather/o | yellowish, fatty plaque
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| ech/o | sound
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| electr/o | electricity, electrical activity
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| isch/o | deficiency, blockage
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| therm/o | heat
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| thromb/o | clot
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| brady- | slow
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| -ac | pertaining to
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| -apheresis | removal
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| -graph | instrument used to record; record
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| -odynia | pain
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| -penia | abnormal reduction in number
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| -poiesis | formation
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| -sclerosis | hardening
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| angioma | tumor composed of blood vessels
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| angiostenosis | narrowing of a blood vessel
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| aortic stenosis | narrowing pertaining to aorta (narrowing of the aortic valve)
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| arteriosclerosis | hardening of the arteries
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| atherosclerosis | hardening of fatty plaque (deposited on the arterial wall)
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| bradycardia | condition of a slow heart (rate less than 60 beats per minute)
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| cardiodynia | pain in the heart
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| cardiomegaly | enlargement of the heart
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| cardiomyopathy | disease of the heart muscle
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| cardiovalvulitis | inflammation of the valves of the heart (also referred to as Valvulitis)
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| endocarditis | inflammation of the inner (lining) of the heart (particularly heart valves)
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| ischemia | deficiency of blood (flow)
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| myocarditis | inflammation of the muscle of the heart
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| pericarditis | inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart
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| phlebitis | inflammation of a vein
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| polyarteritis | inflammation of many (sites in the) arteries
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| tachycardia | abnormal state of rapid heart (rate of more than 100 beats per minute)
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| thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein associated with a clot
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| hematoma | tumor of blood (collection of blood resulting from a broken blood vessel)
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| multiple myeloma | tumors of the bone marrow
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| pancytopenia | abnormal reduction of all (blood) cells
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| thrombosis | abnormal condition of a (blood) clot
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| thrombus | (blood) clot (attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein)
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| lymphadenitis | inflammation of the lymph nodes
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| lymphadenopathy | disease of the lymph nodes (characterized by abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes associated with an infection or malignancy)
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| lymphoma | tumor of lymphatic tissue (malignant)
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| splenomegaly | enlargement of the spleen
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| thymoma | tumor of the thymus gland
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| acute coronary syndrome (ACS) | sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction
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| aneurysm | ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
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| angina pectoris | chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm & jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle
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| arrhythmia | any disturbance or abnormality in the heart's normal rhythmic pattern
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| atrial fibrillation (AFib) | arrhythmia-chaotic, rapid electrical impulses in atria. Atria quiver instead of contracting, causes irregular ventricular response & ejection of reduced blood. Blood that remains becomes static, increasing clot risk, & may lead to stroke. (See notes)
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| cardiac arrest | sudden cessation of cardiac output & effective circulation, which requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
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| cardiac tamponade | acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity
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| coarctation of the aorta | congenital cardiac condition characterized by a narrowing of the aorta
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| congenital heart disease | heart abnormality present at birth
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| congestive heart failure (CHF) | inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues & organs with nutrients & oxygen
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| coronary artery disease (CAD) | a condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium, denying the myocardial tissue of sufficient oxygen & nutrients to function fully; most often caused by coronary atherosclerosis (also called Heart Failure [HF])
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| coronary occlusion | obstruction of an artery of the heart, usually from atherosclerosis. Coronary occlusion can lead to acute myocardial infarction.
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| deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | condition of thrombus in a deep vein of the body. Most often occurs in the lower extremities. A clot can break off & travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism.
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| hypertensive heart disease (HHD) | disorder of the heart brought about by persistent high blood pressure
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| intermittent claudication | pain & discomfort in calf muscles while walking; a condition seen in occlusive artery disease.
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| mitral valve stenosis | a narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by episodes of rheumatic fever
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| myocardial infarction (MI) | death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of oxygen resulting from an interrupted blood supply (also called a Heart Attack)
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| peripheral arterial disease (PAD) | disease of the arteries, other than those of the heart & brain, that affects blood circulation, such as atherosclerosis & Raynaud disease. The most common symptom of peripheral atherosclerosis is intermittent claudication.
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| rheumatic heart disease | damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of Rheumatic Fever
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| varicose veins | distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities
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| anemia | reduction in the amount of hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Anemia may be caused by blood loss or decrease in the production or increase in the destruction of red blood cells.
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| embolus (pl. emboli) | blood clot or foreign material, such as air or fat, that enters the bloodstream & moves until it lodges at another point in the circulation
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| hemophilia | inherited bleeding disease most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII
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| leukemia | malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal white blood cells formed in the bone marrow
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| Hodgkin disease | malignant disorder of the lymphatic tissue characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, usually beginning in the cervical nodes
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| infectious mononucleosis | an acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, fatigue, & fever. The disease affects mostly young people & is usually transmitted by saliva.
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| angioplasty | surgical repair of a blood vessel
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| atherectomy | excision of fatty plaque (from a blocked artery using a specialized catheter & a rotary cutter)
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| endarterectomy | excision within the artery (excision of plaque from the arterial wall). This procedure is usually named for the artery to be cleaned out, such as carotid endarterectomy, which means removal of plaque from the wall of the carotid artery.
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| pericardiocentesis | surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the outer layer (pericardial sac) used to treat cardiac tamponade)
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| phlebectomy | excision of a vein
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| phlebotomy | incision into a vein (to remove blood or to give blood or intravenous fluids) (Also called Venipuncture)
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| valvuloplasty | surgical repair of a valve (cardiac or venous)
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| splenectomy | excision of the spleen
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| splenopexy | surgical fixation of the spleen
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| thymectomy | excision of the thymus gland
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| aneurysmectomy | surgical excision of an aneurysm
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| atrial fibrillation ablation | a procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger atrial fibrillation are destroyed by using radiofrequency energy
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| cardiac pacemaker | battery-powered apparatus implanted under the skin with leads placed on the heart or in the chamber of the heart
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| coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) | surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries
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| coronary stent | a supportive scaffold device implanted in the coronary artery; used to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy
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| embloectomy | surgical removal of an embolus or clot (usually with a balloon catheter, inflating the balloon beyond the clot, then pulling the balloon back to the incision and bringing the clot with it)
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| femoropopliteal bypass | surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction
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| implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) | device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm. If life-threatening arrhythmias occur, the device delivers an electric shock to convert the arrhythmia back to a normal rhythm.
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| intracoronary thrombolytic therapy | an injection of an intravenous medication to dissolve blood clots in coronary (blood) vessels
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| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) Also called Balloon Angioplasty | procedure where a balloon is passed through blood vessel into coronary artery to area where plaque is. Inflation of the balloon compresses plaque against vessel wall, expanding inner diameter of blood vessel, which allows blood to circulate more freely.
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| bone marrow aspiration | a syringe is used to aspirate a sample of the liquid portion of the bone marrow, usually from the ilium, for study; used to diagnose, stage, & monitor disease & condition of the blood cells
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| bone marrow biopsy | a needle puncture to obtain a sample of bone marrow, usually from the ilium, for study; used to diagnose, stage, & monitor disease & condition of the blood cells
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| bone marrow transplant | infusion of normal bone marrow cells from a donor with matching cells & tissue to a recipient with a certain type of leukemia or anemia
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| angiography | radiographic imaging of blood vessels (the procedure is named for the vessel to be studied, e.g., Femoral Angiography or Coronary Angiography
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| angioscope | instrument used for visual examination of a blood vessel
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| angioscopy | visual examination of a blood vessel
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| aortogram | radiographic image of the aorta (after an injection of contrast media)
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| arteriogram | radiographic image of an artery (after an injection of contrast media)
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| venogram | radiographic image of a vein (after an injection of contrast media)
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| venography | radiographic imaging of a vein (after an injection of contrast media)
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| echocardiogram (ECHO) | record of the heart (structure & motion) using sound (used to detect valvular disease & evaluate heart function)
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| electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) | record of the electrical activity of the heart
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| electrocardiograph | instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart
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| electrocardiography | process of recording the electrical activity of the heart
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| digital subtraction angiography (DSA) | a process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that "subtracts" or removes structures not being studied
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| Doppler ultrasound | a study that uses sound for detection of blood flow within the vessels; used to assess intermittent claudication, deep vein thrombosis, & other blood flow abnormalities.
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| exercise stress test | study evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding bike/ walking treadmill. Electrocardiography, echocardiography, & nuclear medicine scanning are 3 types of cardiac function. Echocardiography is becoming the preferred choice of testing.
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| single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) | nuclear med scan that visualizes the heart from several angles. A tracer substance (sestamibi or thallium) is injected intravenously. The SPECT scanner creates images from the tracer absorbed by the body tissues. Used to assess damage to cardiac tissue.
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| thallium test | nuclear med test used to diagnose coronary artery disease & assess revascularization after bypass surgery. Thallium, a radioactive isotope, is injected intravenously; a radiation detector is placed over the heart & images recorded. (See notes)
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| transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) | an ultrasound test that examines cardiac function & structure by using an ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus, which provides views of the heart structures
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| cardiac catheterization | exam to determine condition of heart/ surrounding blood vessels. A catheter is passed into heart through a blood vessel & used to record pressures & inject contrast medium, enabling visualization of c. arteries, great vessels, heart chambers. (See notes)
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| impedance plethysmography (IPG) | measures venous flow of the extremities with a plethysmograph to detect clots by measuring changes in blood volume & resistance (impedance) in the vein; used to detect deep vein thrombosis
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| auscultation | hearing sounds within the body through a stethoscope
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| blood pressure (BP) | pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls. A blood pressure measurement written as systolic pressure (120) & diastolic pressure (80) is commonly recorded as 120/80.
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| percussion | tapping of a body surface with the fingers to determine the density of the part beneath
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| pulse | the number of times per minute the heartbeat is felt on the arterial wall. The pulse rate is most commonly felt over the radial artery; however, the pulsations can be felt over a number of sites, including the femoral & carotid arteries.
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| sphygmomanometer | device used for measuring blood pressure
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| stethoscope | an instrument used to hear internal body sounds; used for performing auscultation & blood pressure measurement
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| C-reactive protein (CRP) | blood test to measure the amount of C-reactive protein in the blood, which, when elevated, indicates inflammation in the body. It is sometimes used in assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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| creatine phosphokinase (CPK) | a blood test used to measure the level of creatine phosphokinase, an enzyme of heart & skeletal muscle released into the blood after muscle injury or necrosis. The test is useful in evaluating patients with acute myocardial infarction.
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| homocysteine | a blood test used to measure the amount of homocysteine in the blood. Homocysteine is an amino acid that, if elevated, may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
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| lipid profile | blood test to measure the amount of lipids in a blood sample. It's used to evaluate risk of developing cardiovascular disease & to monitor therapy of existing disease. Results provide levels of total cholesterol, (HDL), (LDL), (VLDL), & triglycerides.
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| troponin | blood test that measures troponin, a heart muscle enzyme. Troponins are released into the blood approximately 3 hours after necrosis of the heart muscle & may remain elevated from 7-10 days. The test is useful in the diagnosis of a myocardial infarction.
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| coagulation time | blood test to determine the time it takes for blood to form a clot
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| complete blood count (CBC) & differential count (Diff) | basic screening measures hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell number & morphology (size & shape), leukocyte count, & white blood cells) & platelet count. The test is automated, done easily & rapidly, & provides a great amount of info about the blood.
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| hematocrit (HCT) | a blood test to measure the volume & number of red blood cells. It is used in the diagnosis & evaluation of anemic patients.
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| hemoglobin (Hgb) | blood test used to determine the concentration of oxygen-carrying components (hemoglobin) in red blood cells
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| prothrombin time (PT) | test determines coagulation activity defects & monitors anticoagulation therapy for patients on Coumadin, (oral anticoagulant med). (Activated partial thromboplastin time [PTT] monitors anticoag. therapy for patients on heparin (IV anticoagulant med).
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| atrioventricular (AV) | pertaining to the atrium & ventricle
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| cardiac | pertaining to the heart
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| cardiogenic | originating in the heart
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| cardiologist | physician who studies & treats diseases of the heart
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| cardiology | study of the heart (a branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the heart & blood vessels)
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| hypothermia | condition of (body) temperature that is below normal (sometimes induced for various surgical procedures, such as bypass surgery)
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| intravenous (IV) | pertaining to within the vein
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| phlebologist | physician who studies & treats diseases of the veins
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| phlebology | study of veins (a branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the veins)
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| hematologist | physician who studies & treats diseases of the blood
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| hematology | study of the blood (a branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the blood)
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| hematopoiesis | formation of blood (cells)
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| hemolysis | dissolution of (red) blood (cells)
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| hemostasis | stoppage of bleeding
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| myelopoiesis | formation of bone marrow
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| plasmapheresis | removal of plasma (from withdrawn blood)
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| thrombolysis | dissolution of a clot
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| cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) | emergency procedure consisting of artificial ventilation & external cardiac massage
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| defibrillation | application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm
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| diastole | phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles relax between contractions (diastolic is the lower number of a blood pressure reading)
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| extracorporeal | occurring outside the body. During open-heart surgery extracorporeal circulation occurs when blood is diverted outside the body to a heart-lung machine.
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| extravasation | escape of blood from the blood vessel into the tissue
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| fibrillation | rapid, quivering, noncoordinated contractions of the atria & ventricles
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| heart murmur | a short-duration humming sound of cardiac or vascular origin
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| hypercholesterolemia | excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood; associated with heightened risk of cardiovascular disease
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| hyperlipidemia | excessive amount of fats (triglycerides & cholesterol) in the blood
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| hypertension | blood pressure that is above normal (greater than 140/90)
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| hypertriglyceridemia | excessive amount of triglycerides in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
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| hypotension | blood pressure that is below normal (less that 90/60)
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| lipids | fat & fatlike substances that serve as a source of fuel in the body & are an important constituent of cell structure
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| lumen | space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel
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| occlude | to close tightly, to block
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| systole | phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles contract (systolic is the upper number of a blood pressure reading)
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| vasoconstrictor | agent or nerve that narrows the blood vessels
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| vasodilator | agent or nerve that enlarges the blood vessels
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| venipuncture | puncture of a vein to remove blood, instill a medication, or start an intravenous infusion
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| anticoagulant | agent that slows the clotting process
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| dyscrasia | abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood
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| hemorrhage | rapid loss of blood, as in bleeding
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| allergen | an environmental substance capable of producing an immediate hypersensitivity in the body (allergy). Common allergens are house dust, pollen, animal dander, & various foods.
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| allergist | a physician who studies & treats allergic conditions
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| anaphylaxis also called Anaphylactic Shock | exaggerated/life-threatening reaction to previously encountered antigen(e.g., bee venom, peanuts, latex). Symptoms range from mild (experiencing hives/sneezing), to severe (drop in BP & blockage of the airway, can lead to death within minutes).
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| antibiotic | a drug that targets microorganisms to kill or halt growth or replication
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| antibodies | a substance produced by lymphocytes that inactivates or destroys antigens (also called Immunoglobulins)
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| antigen | a substance that triggers an immune response when introduced into the body. Examples of antigens are transplanted tissue, toxins, & infectious organisms.
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| autoimmune disease | a disease caused by the body's inability to distinguish its own cells from foreign bodies, thus producing antibodies that attack its own tissue. Rheumatoid Arthritis & Systemic Lupus Erythematosus are examples of autoimmune diseases.
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| immune | being resistant to specific invading pathogens
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| immunodeficiency | deficient immune response caused by the immune system dysfunction brought on by disease (HIV infection) or immuno-suppressive drugs (prednisone)
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| immunologist | a physician who studies & treats immune system disorders
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| immunology | the branch of medicine dealing with immune system disorders
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| infection | invasion of pathogens. May stay localized if body's defense mechanisms are effective. If it persists-may become acute, subacute, or chronic. Systemic infection occurs when local infection accesses the vascular/lymphatic system & disseminates through body.
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| phagocytosis | a process in which some of the white blood cells destroy the invading microorganism & old cells
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| vaccine | a suspension of inactivated microorganisms administered by injection, mouth, or nasal spray to prevent infectious diseases by inducing immunity
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| CCU | coronary care unit
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| RBC | red blood cell(erythrocyte)
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| WBC | white blood cell (leukocyte)
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
wututor
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