Microbio -5- Sterilization and Disinfection
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| the process of destroying ALL microbes, endospores, and viruses on an object | Sterilization
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| the process of eliminating most or all pathogens on an object | disinfection
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| type of chemicals used on inanimate objects/Fomites to get rid of microbes | disinfectants
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| type of chemicals used on skin and body surfaces to get rid of microbes | antiseptics
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| What are the factors that affect the type of antimicrobial procedure to use | type of organism present
number of microorganisms initially present
environmental conditions
potential risk for infection
composition of item to be cleared of microbes
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| what are the common types of microorganisms we try and get rid of | bacterial endospores- bacillus and clostridium
protozoan cysts and oocysts- killed by boiling
mycobacterium- waxy cells resistant to chemicals
pseudomonas- resistant to and may grow on many chemical disenfectants (nosocomial infections)
Naked Viruses
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| why does number of microorganism present matter in antimicrobial selection | more organisms initially present the harder it will be to kill them
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| what environmental conditions can affect antimicrobial selection | PH of environment, Temperature, Presence of fats, oils, or organic substances these can interfere with ability of anti microbial to kill
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| What does potential risk of infection have to do with selection on antimicrobial used | if an object is likely to cause infection such as a scalpel or needle it has to be sterile some instruments only contact mucus membranes other should only contact unbroken skin so each could have a different antimicrobial treatment
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| what are the three levels of potential risk of infection | critical instruments
semicritical instruments
non-critical instruments
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| What impact does composition of item to be disinfected have on antimicrobial choice | if item could be destroyed by antimicrobial you will have to use another option such as a heat critical fluid that would have to filtered rather than heated
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| what are the common types of anti-microbial procedures | PHYSICAL- heat(moist and dry), filtration radiation (ionizing, uv, microwave)
CHEMICAL- alcohols, aldehydes, etc
PRESERVATION- temp, water content
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| boiling for how long should kill most organism and what organisms would not be killed | 5 minutes of boiling should kill everything but endospores
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| does pasteurization sterilize | no, in only removes the majority of pathogens
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| what is the heat method that uses pressure, volume and temperature | pressurized steaming
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| when moist heat is not appropriate what other heat can be used | dry heat, such as incineration, and dry heat ovens which require longer times and higher temps than moist heat
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| When would you use filtration to get rid of microbes | when the solution or gas could be destroyed by heat or chemicals
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| How does radiation work as an antimicrobial | ionizing radiation- causes direct biological and DNA damage. Endospores are resistant
UV radiation- cause DNA damage
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| how are antimicrobial chemicals classified list the types | according to their capacity to kill organisms
sterilants, high-level disinfectants, intermediate level disinfectants, low-level disinfectants
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| chemical that can kill all microorganisms, viruses, endospore, used on critical instruments | sterilants
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| can kill all viruses and vegatative microorganisms but can't reliably kill endospores. Used to treat semi-critical instruments and are generally sterilants used for less time | High-level disinfectants
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| chemicals that can kill all vegetative microorganisms, fungi and most viruses. will not kill endospores regardless of incubation time can be used on non critical instrumetns | intermediate level disinfectants
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| can kill fungi and vegetative bacteria except mycobacteria and only enveloped viruses | low-level disinfectants
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| 60%-80% solutions that are effective for killing bacteria and fungi, denature proteins used as antiseptic and disinfectants | alcohols
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| capable of destroying all forms of microbial life including endospores and viruses act through inactivation of DNA and RNA germicidal in 10 min sporocidal in 3-10hrs | aldehydes
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| iodophors which act by causing oxidative damage used as antiseptic or disinfectant, and chlorine compounds act by oxidative damage, hypochlorus acid formed when chlorine is dissolved in water | halogen
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| act by disrupting cellular compounds, used to disinfect non-critical surfaces, inactivated by organic matter, pseudomonads and gram negative bac can be resistant | quarternary ammonia compounds
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| act by disrupting membrane and denaturing proteins used in germicidal soaps | phenolics
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| gas that can kill all microorganisms including endospores and viruses. acts by alkylation of nucleic acids. commonly used as a sterilant, can be used on items that cannot withstand steam/heat explosive in pure form mixed with N2 and CO2 | ethylene oxide
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| chemical used in vaporized form as a sterilant in manufacturing causes oxidative damage | vaporized hydrogen peroxide
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| what other factors do you need to keep in mind when selecting an antimicrobial besides organism to be killed | toxicity of the chemical, presence of organic matter, compatability with surface will it destroy it like electronic equipment, will it leave a residue
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| what is the goal of preservation | slowing the growth of microorganism on commercial products
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| what methods are used in preservation | chemical preservatives
low temp storage
reducing available water
drying foods
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| What are the classification of microorganism and how resistant are they | endospores- most resistant
pseudomonas-highly chemical resistant
mycobacterium- very chemical resistant
protozoan cysts and oocytes- relative sensativity
Naked Viruses- highly chemical resistant
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| what determines the selection of antimicrobial chemical | cost and availability
storage and stability
environmental risks
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| what are the endospore producers and what level of disinfectant are you most likely going to have to use on surface contaminated by them | bacillus and clostridium sp. will need a sterilant since only sterilants kill endospores
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