Microbiology
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| What is the function of urinary system? | 1. filter for blood
2.remove wastes and excess water
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| Normal genitourinary tract is ? | Sterile, except distal urethra
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| Which parts belong to lower UTI? | Bladder, urethra
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| Which parts belong to upper UTI? | Kidneys, ureters
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| What are the common lower UTIs? | Cystitis, Dysuria
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| What are the common upper UTIs? | Pyelonephritis(bladder infection),
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| In hospitals, high incidence of UTI mainly due to? | catheterisation
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| What are the common pathogens related to UTI? | E.coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Stap. aureus, Stap. saprophyticus, Enterococcus
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| What are the normal flora in UT? | Diphtheroids, Lactobacillus spp., Bacillus spp., Coagulase negative staphylococci other than Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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| What are the specimens for the lab diagnosis of UTI? | 1.Mid stream urine: Preferred for culture and sensitivity testing due to the reduced(MSU)
2.Cathetherized urine(CSU)
3.Suprapubic aspirate (SU)
4.Urine bag
5.Early morning specimen (EMU)
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| What are the culture materials for UT samples? | 1.Chromogenic agar
2,MacConkey agar
3.Cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar
4.Blood agar
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| What is chromogenic agar? | 1.Allows direct identification of the commonest urinary pathogens
2.Bacterial enzymes with different substrates to produce colored colonies.
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| If for culture, need __________ for urine collection? | Sterile bottle
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| Transport to lab immediately, or refrigerated, or use preservative ________? | Boric acid
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| What is the example of chromogenic agar? | Oxoid Brilliance UTI agar
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| What is Oxoid Brilliance agar? | non-selective, differential agar
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| What is Cystein Lactose Electroylete Deficient agar(CLED)? | 1.differential
2.electrolyte removed
3.allows growth of most urinary pathogens
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| How identify lactose and non-lactose fermenter? | Lactose fermenter: Yellow
Non-lactose fermenter: White/colourless
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| MSU sample will be followed up if ? | 1.≥10^5 colony forming units (CFU)/ml, means significant growth
2.only one organism present
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| There is a follow up if _______________ from Suprapubic urine? | any growth
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| How to treat UTI? | Cotrimoxazole or Ciprofloxacin or Nitrofurantoin
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| What does routine microscopic urine analysis observe? | 1.WBC, RBC, Epithelial cells
2.hyaline cast, granular cast, cellular cast
3.Crystals, like calcium oxalate, uric acid
4.Microorganisms, like Trichomonas vaginalis
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| What biochemical tests could be done on urine? | 1.Protein - indicates infection
2.Nitrate reduction - indicate presence of bacteria
3.Leucocyte Esterase - presence of WBC
4.Glucose - decrease during infection
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