| Question | Answer |
| What is the function of urinary system? | 1. filter for blood
2.remove wastes and excess water |
| Normal genitourinary tract is ? | Sterile, except distal urethra |
| Which parts belong to lower UTI? | Bladder, urethra |
| Which parts belong to upper UTI? | Kidneys, ureters |
| What are the common lower UTIs? | Cystitis, Dysuria |
| What are the common upper UTIs? | Pyelonephritis(bladder infection), |
| In hospitals, high incidence of UTI mainly due to? | catheterisation |
| What are the common pathogens related to UTI? | E.coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Stap. aureus, Stap. saprophyticus, Enterococcus |
| What are the normal flora in UT? | Diphtheroids, Lactobacillus spp., Bacillus spp., Coagulase negative staphylococci other than Staphylococcus saprophyticus |
| What are the specimens for the lab diagnosis of UTI? | 1.Mid stream urine: Preferred for culture and sensitivity testing due to the reduced(MSU)
2.Cathetherized urine(CSU)
3.Suprapubic aspirate (SU)
4.Urine bag
5.Early morning specimen (EMU) |
| What are the culture materials for UT samples? | 1.Chromogenic agar
2,MacConkey agar
3.Cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar
4.Blood agar |
| What is chromogenic agar? | 1.Allows direct identification of the commonest urinary pathogens
2.Bacterial enzymes with different substrates to produce colored colonies. |
| If for culture, need __________ for urine collection? | Sterile bottle |
| Transport to lab immediately, or refrigerated, or use preservative ________? | Boric acid |
| What is the example of chromogenic agar? | Oxoid Brilliance UTI agar |
| What is Oxoid Brilliance agar? | non-selective, differential agar |
| What is Cystein Lactose Electroylete Deficient agar(CLED)? | 1.differential
2.electrolyte removed
3.allows growth of most urinary pathogens |
| How identify lactose and non-lactose fermenter? | Lactose fermenter: Yellow
Non-lactose fermenter: White/colourless |
| MSU sample will be followed up if ? | 1.≥10^5 colony forming units (CFU)/ml, means significant growth
2.only one organism present |
| There is a follow up if _______________ from Suprapubic urine? | any growth |
| How to treat UTI? | Cotrimoxazole or Ciprofloxacin or Nitrofurantoin |
| What does routine microscopic urine analysis observe? | 1.WBC, RBC, Epithelial cells
2.hyaline cast, granular cast, cellular cast
3.Crystals, like calcium oxalate, uric acid
4.Microorganisms, like Trichomonas vaginalis |
| What biochemical tests could be done on urine? | 1.Protein - indicates infection
2.Nitrate reduction - indicate presence of bacteria
3.Leucocyte Esterase - presence of WBC
4.Glucose - decrease during infection |
