Abn. Cond., Clinical Proc., Treatm. & Err. of Refraction
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| astigmatism | defective curvature of cornea/lens of eye
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| abnormal condition in which light rays cannot come to a single point of focus on the retina; image is distorted | astigmatism
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| the correct astigmatism | cylindrical lens placed in proper position in front of eye to correct refractive error
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| hyperopia | farsightedness
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| astigmatism is a problem resulting from one or more abnormal curvatures | of cornea or lens
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| hyperopia is also known as | hypermetropia
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| hyperopia is when eyeball is too short or | lens lacks adequate focusing power
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| when parallel rays of light are focus behind retina a patient may | suffer from hypermetropia
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| myopia | nearsightedness
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| when a patient suffers from myopia there is elongation of the eyeball, or | the refraction power of lens is too strong light rays do not properly focus on retina
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| image perceived is blurred because light rays focused on front of retina | myopia
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| to correct myopia a doctor may prescribe | concave glasses
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| the leses of concave glasses spread light rays out before reaching cornea | allowing the light to properly focus directly on the retina
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| presbyopia | impairment of vision as result of old age
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| ciliary body looses elasticity impairing ability to adjust lens to accomodate near vision | in presbyopia
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| in presbyopia the lens cannot become fat to | bend rays of light coming from objects less than 20ft
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| the light rays are focused behind the retina, making presbyopia similar | to hyperopia
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| to correct presbyoia, a doctor would need to prescribe | a convex lens, in order to refract light rays from objects closer than 20ft
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| cataract | protein in lens aggregates & clouds vision
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| progressive, abnormal condition of lens characterized by a loss of transparency | a cataract
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| most cataracts are produced by | degenerative changes that accompany the aging process
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| some cataracts may be | congenital
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| cataracts lead to gradual blurring of vision, as the lens becomes opaque, resulting in | eventual loss of sight
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| the cloudiness of a lens can be seen with the naked eye, or by use of | an ophthalmoscope
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| the surgical method to treat cataracts includes | removal of lens & implant artifical lens behind iris
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| preferred position of artifical lens placement, to surgically treat cataracts, | is behind the iris
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| patients may also wear eyeglasses/contact lenses to help refraction, if | an intraocular lens cannot be inserted, as treatment for cataracts
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| senile cataracts are | linked to the process of aging
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| cataracts can also be caused by | trauma, infection, or other diseases, such as diabetes mellitus
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| prolonged high-dose cortisteriod administration | have been linked to the development of cataracts
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| chalazion | small, hard, granuloma on eyelid
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| a granuloma is | a cystic mass
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| formed as a result of chronic inflammation of meibomian gland along margin of eyelid | cause of a chalazion
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| often requires incision & drainage as treatment | chalazion
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| diabetic retinopathy | edema occurs as fluid leaks from blood vessels into retina & vision is blurred
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| retinal effects of diabetes mellitus | microaneurysms, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins, & neovascularization
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| neovascularization | new blood vessels form in retina
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| exudates appear in retina as yellowish-white spots | diabetic retinopathy
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| treatment for diabetic retinopathy, for patient with severe hemorrhaging includes | laser photocoagulation & vitrectomy
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| laser photocoagulation | intense precisely focused argon lasar beam creates inflammatory reaction sealing retinal tears & leaking retinal blood vessels
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| vitrectomy | removal of vitreous humor & replaced with a clear solution
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| necessary when bllod & scar tissue accumulate in viterous humor, complaition of diabetic retinopathy | a vitrectomy
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| glaucoma | loss of vision due to increased intraocular pressure causing damage to retina & optic nerve
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| inability of aqueous humor to drain from eye & enter into bloodstream causes | elevated intraocular pressure, as seen in glaucoma
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| when fluid builds up, in glaucoma, the pressure is elevated precisely in | the anterior chamber of aqueous humor
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| tonometry is the method used to | diagnose glaucoma
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| tonometry | instrument applied externally to eye, after local anesthetic administered
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| marked by extreme ocular pain, blurred vision, redness of eye, & dilation of pupil | glaucoma
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| a patient with chronic glaucoma may experience | no symptoms initially
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| a patient with glaucoma may experience | a gradual loss of peripheral vision, headaches, blurred vision, & halos around bright lights
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| is untreated glaucoma will results in | blindness
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| drugs to lower intraocular pressire can control | the condition of glaucoma
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| lasar therapy, iridotomy, can reduce intraocular pressure in | patients with glaucoma
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| iridotomy | lasar therapy creates hole in periphery of iris allowing aqueous humor to easily flow into anterior chamber, reducing intraocular pressure
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| in chronic glaucoma lasar therapy causes scarring in drainage angle, which | improves aqueous humor outflow & reduces intraocular pressure
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| hordeolum is also known as | a stye/sty
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| hodeolum | localized, purulent, inflammatory staphylococcal infections of a sebaceous gland in eyelid
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| treatment for a stye/sty includes | hot compresses to help localize infection & promote drainage; sometimes incision if necessary
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| Latin hordeolum means | barley corn
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| macular degeneration | progressive deterioration of macula of retina & choroid layer of eye
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| one of leading causes of elderly blindness | is age-realted macular degeneration (AMD)
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| someone suffering from macular degeneration will retain | peripheral vision, using part of retina outside macular region
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| dry form of macular degeneration, affecting 85% of patients, is marked by | atrophy & degeneration of retinal cells & deposits clumps of drusen; no treatment
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| drusen | extracellular debris
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| wet form of macular degeneration is characterized by | formation of new and fragile vessels that leak blood
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| exudative | leaky
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| neovascular | new
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| treatment for the wet form of macular degeneration includes | laser photocoagulation of leaking vessels, although patients have more severe vision loss so sucess of treatment is limited
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| nystagmus | repetitive rhythmic movements of one/both eyes; normal in newborns
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| brain tumors or diseases of inner ear may cause | nystagmus
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| retinal detachment | two layers of retina separate from each other
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| trauma to eye, head injuries, bleeding, scarring from infection or shrinkage of vitreous humor can produce | holes/tears in retina & result in retinal detachment
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| photopsia | seeing bright flashes of light
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| patients suffering from retinal detachment often experience | photopsia & then notice a shadow/curtain falling across field of vision
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| floaters | black spots, usually composed of viterous clumps that detach from retina
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| floaters can be a sign of | retinal hole, tear, or detachment
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| floaters can becaused by | pigmented cells from damaged retina or bleeding as result of detachment of retina
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| smaller retinal tears, retinal detachment, can be treated using | photocoagulation or cryotherapy
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| photocogulation to treat retinal tears | making pinpoint burns to form scar tissue to seal holes
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| cryotherapy to treat retinal tears | creating a "freezer burn" that forms a scar & knits a tear together
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| scleral buckle is a method used to treat | larger retinal detachments
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| scleral buckle | suture of a silicone band to sclera directly over detached portion of retina to push two retinal layers together
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| in selected retinal detachments a procedure that is performed is called | pneumatic retinopexy
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| pneumatic retropexy | a gas bubble is injected into vitreous cavity putting pressure on are of retinal tear until retina reattached
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| strabismus | inability of the eyes to focus simultaneously on the same object
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| esotropia | one eye turns inward; cross-eyed; form of strabismus
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| extropia | one eye turns outward; wall-eyed; form of strabismus
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| hypertropia | upward deviation of one eye; form of strabismus
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| hypotropia | downward deviation of one eye; form of strabismus
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| eye drops, corrective lenses, eye excerises & patching of normal eye, or surgery to restore muscle balance are all | forms of treatment for strabismus
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| strabismus in children can lead to | amblyopia
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| amblyopia | partial loss of vision, or lazy eye
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| amblyopia is reversible until | retina fully developed, at about 7years old
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| diplopia | double vision
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| when strabismus develops in an adult a common problem is | diplopia
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| florescein angiography | intravenous injection of florescein followed by serial photographs of retina through dilated pupils
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| test that provides diagnostic info about retinal blood flow, detects vascular changes in diabetic/hypertensive retinopathy, & identifies lesions in macular area of retina | florescein angiography
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| ophthalmoscopy | visual exam of interior of eye
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| pupil is dialated & physician uses instrument close to patient's eye, shining light into back of eye | process of ophthalmoscopy
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| slit lamp microscopy | instrument that combines a microscope and a light source, allowing magnified examination of the interior of the eye
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| procedure that provides magnified view of conjuctive, sclera, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, lens, & vitreous | slit lamp microscopy
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| there are additional devices that can be attached to a slit lamp microscope to | expand scope of examination
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| special magnifying lenses, added to slit lamp microscope, permit | examination of fundus, as with a direct ophthalmoscope
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| visual acuity | clarity of vision assessed; expressed as ratio, such as 20/20
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| patient reads from Snellen chart at 20 feet, during | visual acuity testing
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| the first number from the visual acuity ratio | is distance patient standing from chart
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| the second number from the visual acuity ratio | is distance patient with normal vision could read same line of chart
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| if a patient's visual acuity ratio is 20/200 it means | at 20ft patient can see what a "healthy eye" can see at 200ft
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| measurements can be taken at less than 20ft & still be equivalent to vision measured at 20ft when | mirrors are used during visual acuity test
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| visual field test | measures area within which objects are seen when eyes are fixed looking ahead without head movement
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| enucleation | removal of entire eyeball
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| surgical treatment necessary to treat tumors or if an eye becomes blind & painful from trauma/disease | enculeation
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| ocular melanoma | malignant tumor of pigmented cells in choroid layer
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| keratoplasty | surgical repair of cornea
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| penetrating keratoplasty is also known as | corneal transplant
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| ophthalmic surgeon removes patient's scarred/opaque cornea & replaces with donor cornea, which is sutured into place | process of keratoplasty
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| donor cornea is also called | "button" or graft
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| procedure useful in treating retinal tears, diabetic retinopathy, & macular degeneration | laser photocoagulation
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| in laser photocoagulation, laser is an acronym for | light amplification by stimulated emission of radition
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| LASIK | use of an excimer laser to reshape cornea, thus correctin refractive error
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| surgeon lifts top layer of cornea, by making a flap, & uses laser to scuplt cornea; cornea flap then repositioned | LASIK
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| LASIK is an acronym for | laser in situ keratomileusis
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| keratomileusis | shaping of the cornea
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| phacoemulsification | ultrasonic vibrations break up lens
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| typical surgery for cataract removal | is phacoemulsification
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| ophthalmic surgeon uses small, scleral tunnel or self-sealing corneal incision & in most patients foldable IOL implanted | process for phacoemulsification
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| photorefractive keratectomy | laser beam flattens cornea to correct refractive error; LASIK
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| conjunctivitis | inflammation of conjunctiva
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| corneal abrasion | rubbing off of a part of outer layer of cornea
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| cycloplegia | paralysis of muscles of ciliary body
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| dacryoadenitis | inflammation of tear glands
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| iritis | inflammation of the iris
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| keratitis | inflammation of the cornea
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| miotic | drug that causes pupil to contract
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| nyctalopia | night blindness
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| difficult, or poor vision at night | nyctalopia
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| ophthalmologist | medical doctor specializing in diseases of eye
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| ophthaloplegia | paralysis of muscles that move the eyeball
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| optician | non-medical professional trained in grinding lenses & fitting eyeglasses
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| optometrist | non-medical professional trained in grinding lenses & fitting eyeglasses
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| papilledema | swelling of optic disc; associated with increased pressure within the eye
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| photophobia | sensitivity to light
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| retinitis pigmentosa | inflammation of retina with pigmentation & progressive scarring of tissue
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| scleritis | inflammation of sclera
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| uveitis | inflammation of uvea, which is vascular layer of the eye
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| xerophthalmia | condition of excessive dryness of the eye
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| defects of the refractive media that interfere with visual acuity include | irregularities in curvature of cornea, focusing power of lens, & length of eye
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| the most common visual problem is | refractive error
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| the most common refractive error is | myopia
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| Snellen chart | contains letters of decreasing size, is often used to measure visual sharpness
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| may occur as esult of muscle weakness, genetic inheritance, or may accompany disease/injury to brain | strabismus
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| visual conditions attributable to muscle weakness include | diplopia & amblyopia
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| aspiration | insertion os a hollow needle to withdraw lens tissue
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| aspiration is followed by | irrigation of anterior chamber
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| intracapsular extraction | entire lens excised after phacoemulsification
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| extracapsular extraction | leaving the back part of the thin capsule that surrounds the lens in place after phacoemulsification
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| loss of vision associated with diabetic retinopathy may be caused by scarring following the development of | hemorrhages, edema resulting from fluid leakage, or the rupture of the new blood vessels, which bleed into vitreous
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| diabetic retinopathy is idenitfied by | careful ophthalmoscopic & slit lamp exams; florescein angiography is also used
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| Ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography are the methods used to diagnose | AMD
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| this procedure may be used in addition to ophthalmoscopy & slit-lamp microscopy to diagnose retinal detachment | ultrasonography
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| ultrasonography may help to identify a separated retina if | the structure itself cannot be visualized
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| primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) | glaucoma occurs as a primary disorder
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| glaucoma may also occur as | secondary to systemic illness or trauma
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| Blockage of the outflow channels for aqueous humor may happen suddenly causing | acute glaucoma
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| Blockage of the outflow channels for aqueous humor may progress at so slow a pace that | the loss of vision is not recognized until it becomes extensive
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| acute glaucoma is a | medical emergency
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| extreme ocular pain, blurred vision, a red discoloration of the eye, dilation of the pupil, and, possibly, nausea and vomiting | symptoms of acute glaucoma
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| elevated intraocular pressure causes the optic disc to | become wider, deeper, and paler
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| ophthalmoscopy allows | visualization of changes to the optic disc
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| one of several procedures used to diagnose glaucoma | ophthalmoscopy
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| gonioscope | assesses the angle of the anterior chamber
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| tonometer | instrument used to measure intraocular pressure
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| miotics can be used to treat | glaucoma, by improving drainage of aqueous humor & decrease its production
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| trabeculectomy | surgery to modify outflow channels or create new opening for escape of aqueous humor from anterior cavity
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| filtering procedure to treat glaucoma | trabeculectomy
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| lasar therapy for the treatment of glaucoma | causes scarring in drainage angle to improve aqueous humor outflow
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| congenital glaucoma can cause | scarring and the formation of opacities on the cornea
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| patient's with congenital glaucoma may require | replacement of cornea via keratoplasty
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| Neoplastic disease may affect | any of the structures of the eye
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| many malignancies of structures of the eye can be managed with | radiation and chemotherapy
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| following enucleation this can be inserted | a permanent ocular prosthesis
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