Sensory Receptors
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| What is a free nerve ending? | show 🗑
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| show | Pain, temperature, tickle, itch, and light touch
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| What are encapsulated nerve endings? | show 🗑
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| show | Pressure, vibration, and deep touch
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| What are separate sensory cells? | show 🗑
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| show | Enhance sensitivity or specificity of receptor
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| Where are proprioceptors located? | show 🗑
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| show | Senses body position and movement by detecting muscle length and tension
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| show | Cerebellum and primary somatosensory area
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| When would we want adapting receptors? | show 🗑
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| show | Pain, body position
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| Mechanoreceptors detect deformation (pressure or touch), what are the 4 main ones? | show 🗑
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| Where are the mechanoreceptors located, relative to each other? | show 🗑
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| Where are free nerve endings located? | show 🗑
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| Because Merkel's disks and Meissner's corpuscles are located towards the surface, what is a common stimuli? | show 🗑
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| show | In areas with maximum sensitivity - dermal papillae of thick skin (digits, palmar surface of hands/feet), eyelids, external genitalia, nipples, lips
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| Where are Merkel endings? | show 🗑
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| show | Dermis and subcutaneous tissue - also in mesenteries, bladder wall, joint capsules, external genitalia
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| How does the adaptation of pacinian corpuscle's differ from the rest of the mechanoreceptors? | show 🗑
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| show | Somatic receptor that responds to pressure and coldness
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| show | Papillary dermis of the conjunctivea, CT of mouth, tongue, pharynx, and external genitalia
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| show | Somato receptor that responds to tension generated in surrounding collagen fibers of CT and heat
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| What is the implication of the stimuli of Ruffini corpuscle? | show 🗑
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| Where are Ruffini corpuscle located? | show 🗑
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| How do Ruffini corpuscle contribute to proprioception and kinesthesia? | show 🗑
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| What somatic receptors are rapidly adapting? | show 🗑
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| What are slow adapting somatoreceptors? | show 🗑
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| show | Meissner's, hair root plexus, Merkel, and Ruffini
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| What receptors detect pressure? | show 🗑
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| What receptors detect vibration? | show 🗑
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| show | Free nerve endings
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| What receptors detect temperature? | show 🗑
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| show | 10-40 celsius
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| show | 32-48 celsius
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| show | Below 10 and over 48 celsius
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| show | Rapidly at first but continue to generate impulses at low frequency
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| Where are pain receptors located? | show 🗑
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| show | Excessive distension, muscle spasm, inadequate blood flow
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| show | K, kinins, or prostaglandins
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| What is fast pain? | show 🗑
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| show | Larger A nerve fibers
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| show | Chronic - begins more slowly and increases in intensity - aching, throbbing - in both superficial and deeper tissues
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| show | Smaller C nerve fibers
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| show | Visceral pain that is felt in surface area far from stimulated organ
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| show | Sympathetic nerve fibers T1-L2
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| show | Greater splanchnic nerve from sympathetic (T5-T9), vagus from parasympathetic
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| show | Epigastric region
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| show | Stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas, kidneys, small intestine
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| show | Lesser splanchnic nerve from sympathetic (T10-T12), vagus from parasympathetic
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| Where would referred pain for the midgut be felt? | show 🗑
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| What comprises the midgut? | show 🗑
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| show | Lumbar (least) splanchnic nerve from sympathetic (Y12-L1), S2/3/4 from parasympathetic
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| show | Hypogastric region
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| show | Distal colon, rectum, anal canal
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| show | Phrenic nerve - C3/4/5
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| show | Peritoneum that covers the diaphragm from below
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| How does referred pain travel? | show 🗑
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| How can referred pain be felt through the phrenic nerve | show 🗑
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| show | C1
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| Where would liver and gallbladder be felt? | show 🗑
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| show | Umbilical and right lumbar
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| Where would stomach be felt? | show 🗑
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| show | Entire lower abdomen - hypogastric, right/left iliac
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| show | Left chest, traveling down ulnar side of left arm
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| show | Awareness of body position and movement
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| show | Junction of tendon and muscle
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| What makes up a golgi tendon organ? | show 🗑
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| What do golgi tendon organs detect? | show 🗑
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| show | Around articular capsules of synovial joints
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| show | Detect pressure from free nerve endings and Ruffini corpuscle, acceleration and deceleration of joints during movement from small pacinian corpuscles
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| show | Amount of stretch or lengthening of muscle
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| show | Specialized intrafusal muscle fibers enclosed in a connective tissue capsule, innervated by gamma motor neurons
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| show | Controlling gamma fibers
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| show | Intrafusal muscle fibers and extrafusal muscle fibers
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| What do extrafusal muscle fibers do? | show 🗑
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| show | More spindles means more awareness of muscle which is needed for fine movements - more would be in hands
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| What muscle does not have muscle spindles? | show 🗑
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| What layer of the grey matter is in charge of conveying pain and temperature? | show 🗑
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| show | Gate pain theory - signals must be allowed through a gate before they can actually make it to the brain
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| show | Substance P
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| show | Degrade NT, suppressing synapse - rubbing it away or willing it away
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| show | CNS can send inhibitory signals (enkephalins, endorphins) to gate which block action of substance P
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| What are ways to "will it away" for pain modulation? | show 🗑
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| What does it mean to "rubbing it away"? | show 🗑
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| show | III and IV
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| What class of fibers are pain carried in? | show 🗑
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| show | I and II
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| What class of fibers are tactile carried in? | show 🗑
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| show | I
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| What class of fibers are joint kinesthetic carried in? | show 🗑
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| show | Receptor is disturbed → membrane permeability changes → generator potential →strong enough generator potential → create an AP in appropriate sensory nerve → AP is propagated and carries info to spinal cord and brain
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| show | Greater stimulus, greater the generator potential, and the higher frequency of the AP
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| How is a generator potential different from the action potential | show 🗑
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| show | Allows for summation of stimuli - repeated stimuli can create a larger generator and more frequent AP than a single
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| show | Characteristic of each nerve pulse. Different sensory signal intensity can be transmitted either by using increased number of fibers or by sending more AP along a single nerve fiber
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| show | Summation of effects of NTs released from several neurons onto one neuron
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| show | Summation of effects of NT released from 2 or more firing of the SAME neuron in rapid succession onto a second neuron
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| What is the perception of intensity for temporal summation? | show 🗑
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| What is the perception of intensity for spatial summation? | show 🗑
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| How do we differentiate a light tough from a firmer tough, in regards to frequency of impulses? | show 🗑
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| show | Firm pressure stimulates more neurons than a light tough - spatial summation
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| What summation does firm vs light tough have? | show 🗑
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| show | Capacity of an excited neuron to reduce activity of its neighbors
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| show | After being touched, sensory neurons in the skin next to another are stimulated. Fired neurons suppress the stimulation of neighboring neurons - most stimulated neuron and least inhibited will fire so firing pattern tends to concentrate at stimulus peaks
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| show | Region of space in which the presence of a stimulus will alter the firing of that neuron
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| Where are receptor fields located in the somatosensory system? | show 🗑
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| What do large receptor fields allow? | show 🗑
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| What do smaller receptor fields allow | show 🗑
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| What pathway does lateral inhibition use? | show 🗑
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| show | Ability to discern that two nearby objects touching skin are truly two distinct points, not one
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| show | Smallest, most dense receptor area have greater cortical representation - able to recognize two separate points at a much smaller distance (more precision) than large receptor areas which has less precision
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| show | Will not have two-point discrimination
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