AP Euro History Ch18
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| 1. Enlightened absolutism | An absolute monarchy in which the ruler follows the principals of the enlightenment by introducing reforms for the improvement of society, allowing freedom of speech and the press, permitting religious toleration, expanding education.
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| 2. Louis XV | lazy and weak, ministers and mistresses soon begun to influence the king, control the affairs of the state, and undermine the prestige of the monarchy.
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| 3. Cardinal Fleury | the kings minister
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| 4. Madame de Pompadour | an intelligent and beautiful women, charmed Louis XV and gained both wealth and power, often making important government decisions and giving advice on appointments and foreign policy
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| 5. Louis XVI | knew little about the operations of the french government and lacked the energy to deal decisively with state affairs
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| 6. Marie Antoinette | Louis XVI's wife, a spoiled austrian princess who devoted much of her time to court intrigues
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| 7. the United Kingdom | came into existence in 1707 when the governments of England and scotland were united
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| 8. "pocket boroughs" | (in his pocket) controlled by a single person
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| 9. the Hanoverians/the Georges | since the first Hanoverian king couldn't speak english and neither George had much familiarity with the British system, the chief ministers were allowed to handle Parliament and dispense patronage
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| 10. Robert Walpole | Both George I and II relied on Robert Walpole as their chief or prime minister
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| 11. "Wilkes and Liberty" | criticized the kings ministers was arrested and released, expelled from his seat in parliament. Preserved and won another parliamentary seat from the court of Middlesex, and again denied the right to take his place in Parliament
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| 12. William Pitt the Elder | with his successes, serious reform of the corrupt parliamentary system was avoided for another generation
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| 13. Patriots v. the Orangists | the patriots were crushed and both orangist and regents reestablished the old system
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| 14. Fredrick William I | promoted the evolution of Prussia's high efficient civil bureaucracy by establishing the general directory
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| 15. Junkers | the nobility or landed aristocracy.
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| 16. "Prussian militarism" | "Prussia was not a country with an army, but an army with a country which served as headquarters and food magazine
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| 17. Fredrick II the great | one of the best educated and most cultured monarchs in the 18th century, well versed in enlightened thought
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| 18. "the first servant of the state" | the king
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| 19. Maria Theresa | An empress, forced to accept the privileges of the Hungarian nobility and the right of her Hungarian subjects to have their own laws, curtailed the role of the diets or provincial assemblies in taxation and local administration
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| 20. Joseph II | carried on his mothers chief goal of enhancing Habsburg power within the monarchy and Europe
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| 21. Catherine II the great | an intelligent woman who was familiar with the works of the philosophes, could not afford to alienate the Russian nobility
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| 22. serfs | Catherine's subsequent policies had the effect of strengthening the landholding class at the expense of all others
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| 23. Emelyn Pugachev | an illiterate cossack, succeeded in welding the disparate elements of discontent into a mass revolt
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| 24. Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji | the Russians gained some land, the privilege of protecting Greek Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, and the right to sail in Turkish waters
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| 25. partitions of Poland | Russia gained about 50% of Polish territory
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| 26. War of the Austrian Succession | The new Prussian ruler took advantage of the new empress to invade Austrian Silesia
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| 27. Silesia | The land that Prussia seized in the Austrian succession and still fought over in the seven years' war
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| 28. Robert Clive | he British ruler during the seven years' war
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| 29. Seven Years' War | A diplomatic ervolution, Maria theresa refused to accept the loss of Silesia: War in India and the French and Indian War
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| 30. French-Indian War | William Pitt the Elder, was convinced that the destruction of the French colonial empire was a necessary prerequisite for the creation of Britain's own colonial empire
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| 31. Montcalm and Wolfe | The two generals that died in the French-Indian War
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| 32. Treaty of Paris | The French was forced to make peace: they ceded Canada and the lands east of the Mississippi to Britain.
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| 33. scurvy and yellow fever | Conditions on ships were poor and created these diseases
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| 34. press-ganged | crews were frequently press-ganged into duty because of these diseases
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| 35. coitus interruptus and infanticide | abandonment to foundling homes
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| 36. potatoes and maize | important american crop, brought over to Europe from america in the 16th century
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| 37. agricultural enclosures | largely destroyed the traditional patterns of English village life
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| 38. Bank of England | unlike other banks it also made loans
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| 39. "banknotes" | paper backed in its credit
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| 40. John Law's "bubble" | Law's company and bank went bankrupt, leading to a loss of confidence in paper money that prevented the formation of a French national bank
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| 41. the "putting-out" or "domestic" system | A merchant-capitalist entrepreneur bought the raw materials and "put them out" to rural workers, who spun the raw materials into warn then wove it into cloth on simple loons
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| 42. Richard Arkwright's "water-frame" | powered by horse or water, which turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels
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| 43. the country house | fulfilled a new desire for greater privacy that was reflected in the growing separation between the lower and upper floors: lower floors were devoted to public activities and the lower floors to private activities
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| 44. Thomas Gainsborough | painted conversation in the park, captures the relaxed life of two aristocrats in the park of their country estate
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| 45. Grand Tour | Thomas Coke, along with many others, In one peak year alone, forty thousand Englishmen were raveling in Europe
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| 46. Herculaneum and Pompeii | The accidental rediscovery of this accident roman town made them a popular eighteenth-century tourists attraction
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| 47. London's one million | the biggest city in Europe, with 1 million inhabitants
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| 48. beggars and prostitutes | depended on charity for food
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| 49. "balance of power" | a distribution of power along several states such that no single nation can dominate or interfere with the interests of another
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| 50. "reason of state" | A ruler and a minister looked beyond dynastic interest to the long-term future of their states.
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