Urinalysis
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| Liquid Excrement consisting of water, salts, and urea | Urine
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| Location of urine production; storage | Kidney; Urinary Bladder
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| Detects and measures several substances in urine | Urinalysis
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| Checking of the appearance and color of the urine | gross examination
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| Urinalysis should be performed within ______ minutes of collecting the sample. | 15
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| Optimal temperature for refrigeration of Urine | 2-8 degrees
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| Pathologic Causes of clear urine | Drinking more than the daily recommended amount of water
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| Pathologic causes of Cloudy Urine | Phosphaturia
Pyuria
Chyluria
Liduria
hyperoxaluria
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| Food or Drug cause of Cloudy urine | Diet high in purine rich foods
Hyperuricosuria
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| Pathologic cause of red or pink urine | Hematuria, hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, porphyria
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| Food or drug cause of red or pink urine | Fruits with naturally deep pink or magenta pigments
Beets (anthocyanin)
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| Pathologic cause of blue or green urine | Pseudomonal UTI, biliverdin
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| Food or drug cause of blue or green urine | Amitriptyline (Elavil), indigo carmine, IV cimetidine (Tagamet), IV promethazine (Phenergan), methylene blue, triamterene (Dyrenium).
Food coloring.
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| What does brown to dark brown urine or orange urine indicate? | Dehydration
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| Pathologic cause of brown to dark brown urine | Porphyria
Indicates liver disease
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| Food or drug cause of brown to dark brown urine | Side effect of metronidazole, chloroquine, antimalarial agents
Large amounts of Rhubarb, aloe, or fava beans
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| Pathologic cause of orange urine | Bile pigments
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| Food or drug cause of orange urine | phenothiazines, phenazopyridine (Pyridium)
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| Pathologic cause of yellow to amber urine | Concentrated urine
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| Food or drug cause of yellow to amber urine | Carrots
cascara
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| Involves placing papers that contain small pads of chemicals into the urine sample | Urine dipstick tests
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| Component of dipstick test that indicates the amount of acid in urine | Acidity/ pH
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| Abnormal pH levels indicate _______ | UTI
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| Dipstick test that shows the amount of particles present in urine per unit volume | Specific Gravity
Concentration
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| Higher than normal urine concentration indicates what | Dehydration or not drinking enough fluids
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| Large amounts of protein might indicate problems in the A) liver B) kidney C) both D) neither | B) kidney
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| T/F there is normally a low amount of glucose in urine | True
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| Ketones in urine can be a sign of what disease? | Diabetes
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| Product of RBC breakdown | bilirubin
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| Bilirubin in urine can indicate what | liver damage or liver disease
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| Nitrites or leukocyte esterase present in urine can indicate what | UTI
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| Blood in urine | Hematuria
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| Alternative to urine dipstick tests | tablet test
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| Main component of urine | water
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| Common symptom of diabetes | sweet smelling urine
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| cause of sweet urine odor | high blood sugar
diabetes
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| Occurs when bacteria from the intestines enter the bladder | Bladder fistula
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| Cause of strong urine odor | liver disease
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| Cause of mousey smell urine | phenylketonuria
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| Incurable genetic disease that makes you unable to break down phenylalanine. | Phenylketonuria
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| Cause of maple syrup odor urine | MSUD
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| Rare and incurable genetic disease that makes you unable to breakdown Leu, Ile, Val. | MSUD
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| Lack of treatment for MSUD can lead to what | Brain damage and death
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| Organ responsible for pH homeostasis | Kidneys
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| COmponent of bile that when present in urine indicates liver damage | Bilirubin
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| When present in high amounts, this substance might indicate viral hepatitis, or conditions associated with hemolytic anemia | Urobilinogen
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| When urobilinogen is absent, it indicates | Hepatic or biliary obstruction
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| Protein test pad provides a rough estimate of _________ in urine | albumin concentration
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| Urine protein elevation | proteinuria
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| High amounts of glucose in urine | Glucosuria
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| follow up test after occurrence of glucosuria | Fasting Blood Glucose
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| Intermediates of fat metabolism | ketones
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| in a person with diabetes, ketones are indications of insufficient _________ | insulin
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| Condition where excess glucose and ketones are excreted into urine in order to flush them out of the body | Diabetic ketoacidosis
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| Presence of hemoglobin in urine | Hemoglobinuria
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| Myoglobin found in urine may indicate | muscle damage or injury
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| Enzyme most common in WBCs | Leukocyte esterase
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| Increase in WBCs in urine indicates | inflammation in the urinary tract
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| Most common cause of positive leukocyte esterase test | Leukocyturia (Bacterial UTI)
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| Microscope used in urinalysis | Bright field
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| Normal amount of RBCs per HPF in urine | 0-5
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| Healthy amount of hyaline casts in urine | 0-5 per LPF
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| Different types of cellular casts | WBC cast, RBC cast
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| Normal urine crystals | Amorhous urates, Crystalline uric acid, calcium oxalates, amorphous phosphates
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| Abnormal urine crystals | CaCO3, cystine, tyrosine, leucine
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| A method of specimen collection for obtaining non contaminated specimens. It is easy to perform and it provides a sample that can be used for bacteriologic examination and routine urinalysis. | clean catch
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| This method may be used if the patient is having difficulty voiding. It can also be used in a female patient to avoid vaginal contamination, especially during menstruation | Catheterization
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| To collect this specimen the patient voids before going to bed, and immediately on rising for sleep collects a urine specimen. a. | First morning specimen
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| The specimen can be collected at any time, usually during daytime hours, and without prior patient preparation. | Random urine specimen
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| Preferred specimen for urinalysis | First morning specimen
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| Following collection, specimens should be delivered to the laboratory promptly and tested within how many hours? | 2 hours
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| This type of urine examination makes use of reagent test strips? | Chemical examination
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| Normal range of urine volume for adults | 600 to 2000 mL
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| Polyuria is observed in these diseases | Diabetes, Chronic Renal Disease
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| Normally, yellow color of urine is produced by | Urochrome
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| Urine that turns black upon standing may contain what | Homogentisic acid, melanocytes, and melanin
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| . Freshly voided normal urine is usually clear; however, if it is alkaline, a white turbidity may be present due to | Amorphous phosphates
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| A yellow-brown specimen that produces a yellow foam when shaken can be suspected of containing: | Bilirubin
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| What pigment causes red coloration of urine when eating beets? | anthocyanins
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| A person with polyuria will have what coloration of urine? | colorless
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| Terms Used to describe clarity of ones urine | clear cloudy turbid
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| Urine clarity that indicates the presence of mucus | hazy
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| What enzyme causes one’s urine to smell like ammonia | Urease
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| What organic compound causes urine to smell fruity? | Ketones
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| What is another way to call urine clarity? | turbidity
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| 1. An increased specific gravity may be attributed to the following conditions except: a. Dehydration b. Diabetes insipidus c. Diarrhea d. Glucosuria | b. Diabetes insipidus
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| Analyte in urinalysis that uses a double-indicator system | pH
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| Presence of this analyte in urinalysis may be indicative of biliary obstruction | Bilirubin
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| Commonly used as first indicator for renal diseases | protein test
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| Ascorbic acid may interfere the reading of the following analytes in urine | Glucose, bilirubin, nitrite
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| Presence of this analyte could be indicative of diabetes mellitus | glucose
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| At what speed and for how long should urine be centrifuged | 1500 rpm for 5 minutes
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| Urine sediment reported as number per LPF | squamous epithelial cells
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| T/F RBCs crenate in hypotonic urine | False
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| T/F In alkaline urine, RBCs lyse | True
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| Largest cell present in urine sediment | squamous epithelial cells
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| Parasites in urine are usually contaminants from __________ | the feces or vagina
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| most valuable initial aid for identification of crystals in urine is | pH test strip
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| Contributes to the formation of urinary crystals | solute concentration, pH, and temperature
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| Primary component of urinary mucus is | Tamm-Horsfall protein
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| Finding yeast cells in urine is commonly associated with | Diabetes mellitus
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| Urinary cast usually mistaken for mucus | hyaline cast
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| urinary parasite that is actually an intestinal parasite | Enterobius Vermicularis
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