Terminology
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| cyst/o, vesic/o | bladder, sac
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| glomerul/o | glomerulus
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| meat/o | meatus (opening)
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| nephr/o, ren/o | kidney
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| pyel/o | renal pelvis
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| ureter/o | ureter
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| urethr/o | urethra
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| albumin/o | albumin
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| azot/o | urea, nitrogen
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| blast/o | developing cell, germ cell
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| glyc/o, glycos/o | sugar
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| hydr/o | water
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| lith/o | stone, calculus
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| noct/i | night
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| olig/o | scanty, few
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| son/o | sound
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| tom/o | cut, section
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| urin/o, ur/o | urine, urinary tract
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| -gram | record, radiographic image
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| -iasis, -esis | condition
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| -lysis | loosening, dissolution, separating
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| -megaly | enlargement
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| -ptosis | drooping, sagging, prolapse
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| -rrhaphy | suturing, repairing
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| -tripsy | surgical crushing
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| -trophy | nourishment, development
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| -uria | urine, urination
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| kidneys | two bean-shaped organs located on each side of the vertebral column on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity behind the parietal peritoneum. Their function is to remove waste products from the blood & to aid in maintaining water & electrolytes.
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| nephron | urine-producing microscopic structure. Approximately 1 million nephrons are located in each kidney.
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| glomerulus (pl. glomeruli) | cluster of capillaries at the entrance of the nephron. The process of filtering the blood, thereby forming urine, begins here.
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| renal pelvis | funnel-shaped reservoir that collects the urine & passes it to the ureter
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| hilum | indentation on the medial side of the kidney where the ureter leaves the kidney
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| ureters | two slender tubes, approximately 10-13 inches (26-33 cm) long, that receive the urine from the kidneys & carry it to the posterior portion of the bladder
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| urinary bladder | muscular, hollow organ that temporarily holds the urine. As it fills, the thick, muscular wall becomes thinner, and the organ increases in size.
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| urethra | lowest part of the urinary tract, through which the urine passes from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. This narrow tube varies in length by sex. It is approximately 1.5 inches/3.8 cm long in females & approximately 8 inches/20 cm in males.
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| urinary meatus | opening through which the urine passes to the outside
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| cystitis | inflammation of the bladder
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| cystocele | protrusion of the bladder
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| cystolith | stone in the bladder
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| glomerulonephritis | inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney
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| hydronephrosis | abnormal condition of water in the kidney (distension of the renal pelvis with urine because of an obstruction)
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| nephritis | inflammation of a kidney
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| nephroblastoma | kidney tumor containing developing cell (malignant tumor) (also called WILMS' TUMOR)
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| nephrohypertrophy | excessive development (increase in size) of the kidney
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| nephrolithiasis | condition of stone(s) in the kidney
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| nephroma | tumor of the kidney
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| nephromegaly | enlargement of the kidney
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| nephroptosis | drooping kidney
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| pyelitis | inflammation of the renal pelvis
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| pyelonephritis | inflammation of the renal pelvis & the kidney
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| uremia | condition of urine (urea) in the blood (toxic condition resulting from the retention of byproducts of the kidney in the blood)
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| ureteritis | inflammation of a ureter
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| ureterocele | protrusion of a ureter
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| ureterolithiasis | condition of stones in the ureters
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| ureterostenosis | narrowing of the ureter
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| urethrocystitis | inflammation of the urethra & the bladder
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| epispadias | congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located on the upper surface of the penis
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| hypospadias | congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located on the underside of the penis; a similar defect can occur in the female
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| polysystic kidney disease | condition in which the kidney contains many cysts and is enlarged
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| renal calculus (pl. calculi) | stone in the kidney
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| renal hypertension | elevated blood pressure resulting from kidney disease
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| sepsis | a condition in which pathogenic microorganisms, usually bacteria, enter the bloodstream, causing a systemic inflammatory response to the infection (also called SEPTICEMIA)
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| urinary retention | abnormal accumulation of urine in the bladder because of an inability to urinate
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| urinary suppression | sudden stoppage of urine formation
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| urinary tract infection (UTI) | infection of one or more organs of the urinary tract
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| acute renal failure (ARF) | a sudden & severe reduction in renal function resulting in a collection of metabolic waste in the body. Prompt treatment can reverse the condition & recovery can occur.
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| chronic renal failure (CRF) | unlike ARF, is a progressive, irreversible, loss of renal function & the onset of uremia
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| end-stage renal disease (ESRD)) | is what chronic renal failure is called when kidney function is too poor to sustain life
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| cystectomy | excision of the bladder
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| cystolithotomy | incision of the bladder to remove a stone
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| cystorrpaphy | suturing the bladder
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| cystostomy | creating an artificial opening into the bladder
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| cystotomy, vesicotomy | incision of the bladder
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| lithotripsy | surgical crushing of a stone
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| meatotomy | incision of the meatus
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| nephrectomy | excision of a kidney
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| nephrolysis | separating the kidney (from other body structures)
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| nephropexy | surgical fixation of the kidney
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| nephropyelolithotomy | incision through the kidney to the renal pelvis to remove a stone
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| nephrostomy | creation of an artificial opening into the kidney
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| pyelolithotomy | incision of the renal pelvis to remove a stone
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| pyeloplasty | surgical repair of the renal pelvis
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| ureterectomy | excision of a ureter
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| ureterostomy | creation of an artificial opening into the ureter
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| urethroplasty | surgical repair of the urethra
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| vesicourethral suspension | suspension pertaining to the bladder & urethra
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| stress incontinence | the involuntary intermittent leakage of urine as a result of pressure, from a cough or sneeze, on the weakened area around the urethra & bladder.
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| extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), also called SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY (SWL) | a noninvasive treatment for removal of kidney or ureteral stone(s). By using ultrasound & fluoroscopic imaging, the stone is positioned at a focal point. Repeated firing of shock waves renders the stone into fragments that pass from the body in the urine
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| fulguration | destruction of living tissue with an electric spark (a method commonly used to remove bladder growths)
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| renal transplant | surgical implantation of a donor kidney to replace a non-functioning kidney
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| cystogram | radiographic image of the bladder
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| cystography | radiographic imaging of the bladder
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| intravenous urogram (IVU) | radiographic image of the urinary tract (with contrast medium injected intravenously) (also called INTRAVENOUS PYELOGRAM - IVP)
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| nephrogram | radiographic image of the kidney
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| nephrography | radiographic imaging of the kidney
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| nephrosonography | process of recording the kidney using sound (an ultrasound test)
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| nephrotomogram | sectional radiographic image of the kidney
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| renogram | (graphic) record of the kidney (produced by radioactivity after injecting a radiopharmaceutical, or radioactive material, into the blood) (a nuclear medicine test)
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| retrograde urogram | radiographic image of the urinary tract (retrograde means to move in a direction opposite from normal) with contrast medium instilled through urethral catheters by a cystoscope
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| voiding cystourethropraphy (VCUG) | radiographic imaging of the bladder & the urethra. Radiopaque dye is instilled in the bladder. Radiographic images called cystourethrograms are taken of the bladder & during urination of the dye.
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| cystoscope | instrument used for visual examination of the bladder
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| cystoscopy | visual examination of the bladder
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| meatoscope | instrument used for visual examination of the meatus
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| meatoscopy | visual examination of the meatus
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| nephroscopy | visual examination of the kidney
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| ureteroscopy | visual examination of the ureter
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| urethroscope | instrument used for visual examination of the urethra
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| urinometer | instrument used to measure (the specific gravity of) urine
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| KUB (kidney, ureter, & bladder) | a simple radiographic image of the abdomen. It is often used to view the kidneys, ureters, & bladder to determine size, shape, & location. Also used to identify calculi in the kidney, ureters, or bladder, or to diagnose intestinal obstruction.
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| blood urea nitrogen (BUN) | a blood test that measures the amount of urea in the blood; used to determine kidney function. An increased BUN indicates renal dysfunction.
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| creatinine | a blood test that measures the amount of creatinine in the blood. An elevated amount indicates impaired kidney function.
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| specific gravity (SG) | a test performed on a urine specimen to measure the concentrating or diluting ability of the kidneys
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| urinalysis (UA) | multiple routine tests performed on a urine specimen
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| albuminuria | albumin in the urine (albumin is an important protein in the blood, but when found in the urine, it indicates a kidney problem)
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| anuria | absence of urine (failure of the kidney to produce urine)
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| azotemia | (excessive) urea & nitrogenous substances in the blood
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| diuresis | condition of urine passing through (increased amount of urine)
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| dysuria | difficult or painful urination
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| glycosuria | sugar (glucose) in the urine
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| hematuria | blood in the urine
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| meatal | pertaining to the meatus
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| nephrologist | a physician who studies & treats diseases of the kidney
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| nephrology | study of the kidney (a branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the kidney)
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| nocturia | night urination
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| oliguria | scanty urine (amount)
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| polyuriia | much (excessive) urine
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| pyuria | pus in the urine
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| urinary | pertaining to urine
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| urologist | a physician who studies & treats (diseases of) the urinary tract
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| urology | study of the urinary tract (a branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the male & female urinary systems & the male reproductive system)
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| catheter (cath) | flexible, tubelike device, such as a urinary catheter, for withdrawing or instilling fluids
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| distended | stretched out (a bladder is distended when filled with urine)
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| diuretic | agent that increases the formation & excretion of urine
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| enuresis | involuntary urination
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| hemodialysis (HD) | procedure for removing impurities from the blood because of an inability of the kidneys to do so
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| nocturnal enuresis | bed-wetting
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| diurnal eneuresis | daytime wetting, which may be caused by a small bladder
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| incontinence | inability to control bladder and/or bowels
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| micturate | to urinate or void
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| peritoneal dialysis | procedure for removing toxic wastes when the kidney is unable to do so; the peritoneal cavity is used as the receptacle for the fluid used in the dialysis
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| stricture | abnormal narrowing, such as a urethral stricture
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| urinal | receptacle for urine
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| urinary catheterization | passage of a catheter into the urinary bladder to withdraw urine
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| urodynamics | pertaining to the force & flow of urine within the urinary tract
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| void | to empty or evacuate waste material, especially urine
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