ch 8
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| ACTH | adrenocorticotrophic hormone
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| ALS | amyotrophic lateral scelerosis
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| ANS | autonmic nervous system
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| CAT | computerized axial tomography
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| CNS | central nervous system
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| CT | computed tomography
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| CVA | cerebrovasculat accident; stroke
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| EEG | electroencephalogram
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| EMG | electromyography
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| EST | electric shock theraphy
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| ICP | intracranial pressure
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| LOC | level of consciosuness
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| LP | lumbar puncture
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| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging
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| MS | multiple sclerosis
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| MSLT | multiple sleep latency test
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| NCS | nerve conduction study
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| NPH | normal-pressure hydrocephalus
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| NREM | non-rapid eye movement
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| PEG | pneumoencephalogram
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| PNS | positrom emission tomography
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| REM | rapid eye movement
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| RT | reading test
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| SNS | somatic nervous system
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| TENS | transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
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| TIA | transient ischemic attack
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| alzhemier's disease | deterioration of a person's intellectual functioning
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| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | is a servere weakening and wasting of the involved muscle groups
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| anencephaly | is an absence of the brain and spinal cord at birth, a congenital disorder
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| bell's play | is a temporary or permanent unilateral weakness or paralysis of the muscles in the face following trauma to the face, an unknwon infection, or a tumor pressing on the facial nerve rendering it paralyzed
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| brain absecess | is a localized accumlation of pus located anywhere in the brain tissue due to an infectious process
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| carpal tunnel syndrome | is a pinching or compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel due to inflammation and swelling of the tendons,causing intermittent or continous pain that is greatest at night
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| cerebral concussion | is a brief interruption of brain function, usually with a loss of consciosness lasting for a few seconds
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| cerebral contussion | is a small, scattered venous hemorrhage in the brain "bruise on the brain"
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| cerebral palsy | is a collective term used to describe congenital (at birth)brain damage that is permanent but not progressive
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| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | invloves death of a specific portion of brain tissue,resluting from a decrease in blood flow to that area of the brain; also called stroke
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| degenerative disk | is the deterioration of the intervertebral disk, usually due to constant motion and wear on the disk
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| encephalitis | is the inflammation of the brain or spinal cord tissue largely caused by a virus that enters the CNS when the person experiences a viral disease such as measles, mumps
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| epilepsy | is a syndrome of recurring epsiodes of excessive irregular electrical activity of the brain resulting in involuntary muscle movements called seizures
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| grand mal seizure | is an epileptic seizure characterized by a sudden loss of consciousnes and by gerneralized involuntary muscular contraction
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| petit mal seizure | are small seizures in which is a sudden temporary loss of consicousness lasting only a few seconds
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| guillian-barre syndrome | is acute polyneuritis ('inflammtion of many nerves") of the PNS in which the myelin sheaths on the axons are destroyed, resulting in the decrease nerve impulses
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| headache (cephalalgia) | involves pain)(varying in intensity from mild to severe) anywhere within the cranial cavity
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| migraine headache | is a recurring, pulsating, vascular headache usually developing on one side of the head
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| cluster headache | occurs typically two to thre hours after falling asleep; described as extreme paion around one eye that wakens the person from sleep
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| tension headache | occurs from long, endured contraction of the skeletal muscles around the face, scalp, upper back and neck
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| hematomw, epidural | is a collection of blood located above the dura mater and just below the skull
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| hematoma, subdural | is a collection of blood below the dura mater and above the arachnoid layer of the meninges
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| herniated disk | is rupture or herniation of the disk center (nucleus pulpsous) through the disk wall and into the spinal canal, causing pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots
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| huntington's chorea | is an inherited neurological disease characterized by rapid, jerky,invlontary movements and increasing dementia due to the effects of the basal ganglia on the neurons
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| hydrocephalus | is an abnormal increase of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain that cuases the ventricles of the brain to dilate
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| intracranial tumors | occur in any structural region of the brain
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| primary intracranial tumors | arise from gilomas, maligant glial cells that are a support for nerve tissue, and from tumors that arise from the meninges
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| metastatic intracranial tumors (secondary) | occur as a result of metastasis from a primary site such as the lung or breast
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| myasthenia gravis | is a chronic progressive neuromuscular disorder causing severe muscle weakness (without atrophy) and fatigue
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| multiple sclerosis (MS) | is a degenerative inflammatory disease of the CNS attacking the myelin sheath in the spinal cord and brain. leaving it sclerosed(hardened) or scarred and interupting the flow of nerve impulses
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| meningitis (acute bacterial) | is a serious bacterial infection of the meninges-the covering of the brain and spinal cord-that can have residual debilitating effects or even a fatal outcome if not diagnosed and treated promptly
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| narcolepsy | is a rare syndrome of uncontrolled sudden attacks of sleep
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| neuroblastoma | is a highly maligant tumor of the sympathic nervous system
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| parkinson's disease | is a degenerative,slowly progerssive deterioration of nerves in the brain stem;s motor system
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| peripheral neuritis | is a general term indicating inflammation of one or more peripheral nerves, the effects being dependent on the particular nerve involved
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| poliomyelitis | is an infectious viral disease entering through the uppper respiratory tract and affeting the ability of spinal cord and brain motor neuorns to receive stimulation
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| postpolio syndrome | is progressive weakness occuring at least 30 years after the intial poliomyelitis attack
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| reye's syndrome | is an acute brian progressive along with fatty infiltration of the internal organs that may follow acute viral infections
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| shingles (herpes zoster) | is an acute viral infection seen mainly in adults who have had chicken pox
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| skull fracture( depressed) | a broken segement of the skull bone that thrust into the brian as a result of direct force
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| spina bifida cystica | is a congenital defect of the CNS in which the back portion of one or more vertebrae is not closed normally and a cyst protrudes through the opening in the back
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| meningocele | is a cystlike sac covered with skin or a thin membrane protuding through the bony defect in the vertebrae contaning meninges and CSF
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| MENINGOMYELOCELE | is a cystlike sac covered skin or thin membrane protuding through the bony defect in the vertebrae that contains meniges,CSF, and spinal cord segments
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| spina bidfida occulta | is a congenital defect of the CNS in which the bacl portion of one or more vertebrae is not closed
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| spinal cord injuries (paraplegia and quadriplegia) | severe injuries to the spinal cord, such as vertebral dislocation of spinal cord function below the level of the injury
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| paraplegia | (paralysis of the lower extremities)is caused by severe injury to the spinal cord in the thoracic or lumbar region,resulting in loss of sensory and motot control below the level of injury
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| quadriplegia | follows severe trauma to the spinal cord between the fifth and seventh cervical vertebrae, generally resulting in loss of motor and sensory function below thelevel of injury
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| tay-sachs disease | is a congenital disorder caused by altered lipid metabolism,resulting from an enzyme deficiency
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| trigeminal neuralgia (tic doloureux) | short periods of severe unilateral pain, which radiates along the fifth cranial nerve
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| babinski's reflex | can be tested by stroking the sole of the foot, beginning at midheel and moving upward and lateral to the toes
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| brain scan | is a nuclear scanning of cranial content two hours after an intravenous injection of radioisotopes
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| cerbral angiography | is visualization of the cerebral vascular system via x-ray after the injection of a radiopaque contrast medium into an arterial blood vessel
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| cerebrospinal fluid analysis | CSF obtained from a lumbar puncture is analyzes for the presence of bacteria, blood, or maligant cells, as well as for the amount of protein and glucose present
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| CT scan of the brain | computed tomography (CT) is the analysis of a three-dimensional view of brain tissue obtained as x-ray beams pass through successive horizontal layers of the brain
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| laminectomy | is the surgical removal of the bony arches from one or more vertebrae to relieve pressure from the spianl cord
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| electromyography | is the process of recording the electrical activity of mucsle by inserting a small needle into the muscle and delivering a small current that stimulates the muscle
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| chardotomy | is a neurosurgical procedure for pain control accomplished through a laminectomy,in which there is surgical interference of pathways within the spinal cord that control pain
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| cisternal puncture | involves insertion of a short, beveled spinalo needle into the cisterna magna (a shallow reservoir of CSF between the medulla and the cerebellum) to drain CSF or to obtain a CSF specimen
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| craniotomy | is a surgical procedure that makes an opening into the skull
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