Chapter 5
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Skeletal muscle | striated, voluntary, mutinucleanated
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| smooth muscle | in walls of hollow visceral organs, uninucleate, involuntary,
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| peristalsis | movement by squeezing
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| cardiac muscle | striated & involuntary, connected by INTERCALATED DISKS
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| sarcolemma | membrane of a mm cell
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| sarcoplasm | cytoplasms of a mm cell
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| Transverse Tubules (T-tubules) | passageways which run perpendicular to the mm fiber and penetrate deep inside the mm, act as a communication passageway to allow nerve action potentials
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| sarcoplasmic reticulum | a membrane that is formed that covers the external surface of the myofibril as it nears the T-tubule expanded chambers form called TERMINAL CISTERNAE
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| TERMINAL CISTERNAE | storage area for calcium ions
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| myofilaments | microscopic pieces pf protein which allow our mm to contract
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| Thin filament | type of myofilament composed of actin, has TROPOMYOSIN (binding sites) only allows attachment if Ca is present
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| Thick filament | bundle of myosin protein molecules twisted around a titian core, elongated head tail and wide head,
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| sarcomeres | repeating bundles of actin & myosin
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| Sliding filament model | steps involved in mm contraction, mm contraction occurs when the thing filament slides and overlaps the thick filament after 2 criteria are met: ATP is present & action potential from the nervous system is sent
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| acetylcholine (ACh) | neurotransmitter used in skeletal mm contraction, broken down by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at the end of mm movement
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| motor unit | the certain group of fibers w/in a mm that one motor neuron stimulates
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| mm contraction occurs when: 1-3 | 1. ACh is released by the motor neuron
2. Ach crosses the synaptic cleft & binds to the receptors on the sarcolemma of the mm cell transmitting the action potential to the cell
3. T-tubles spread the action potential throughout the mm fiber
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| mm contraction occurs when: 4-7 | 4. Ca2 is released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum & terminal cisternae
5. Ca2 goes to the thin filament and stimulates troponin
6. troponin removes tropomyosin & exposes binding sites
7. thick filament (myosin) energized by ATP binds
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| mm contraction occurs when: 8-10 | 8. thick pulls thin
9. more ATP binds to the myosin head & it detaches from the binding site
10. if ACh, Ca2 & ATP are still present more myosin heads will bind and pull again
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| twitch | a single-stimulus mm contraction-relaxation sequence in a mm fiber
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| complete tetanus | when repeated stimulus of the mm occurs before the relaxation phase begins -occurs in virtually all mm contractions
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| isotonic contraction | mm tension increased and mm length changes, movement of joints are visible
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| isotonic concentric contraction | mm tension (strength) exceeds the resistance and the mm shortens
*biceps curl*
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| isotonic eccentric contraction | the mm tension is less than the resistance and the mm lengthens
*lowering of the weight during a biceps curl*
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| isometric contraction | mm length does not change during contraction (pushing against a brick wall)
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| ATP | adenosine triphosphate
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| fast twitch fibers | "white meat" packed w/ myofibrils less mitochondria quick & powerful, less endurance
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| slow twitch fibers | "dark meat" better capillary network, more mitochondria, more endurance
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