chapter 6 muscles
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| How many characteristics of skeletal muscles are there? | 4
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| Contractility | the ability to shorten with force
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| Excitability | the capacity to respond to a stimulus
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| Extensibility | the ability to be stretched
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| Elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length
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| Skeletal muscles is surrounded by what connective tissue? | epimysium
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| What connective tissue is located outside the epimysim? | fascia
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| A muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called what? | muscle fibers
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| Muscles fibers are surrounded by what loose connective tissue? | perimysium
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| What are the fasciculi composed of? | single muscle cells
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| What are the single muscles cells called? | fibers
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| Each fiber is surrounded by what connective tissue sheath? | endomysium
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| What is each fiber filled with? | myofibrils
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| What 2 major kinds of protein fibers do myofibrils contain? | actin & myosin myofilaments
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| Actin and mosin form ordered units called what? | sarcomeres
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| What is the basic structural and functional unity of the muscle? | sarcomere
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| Each sarcomere extends from what to what? | Z line to Z line (disc)
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| The arrangement of what give banded appearance? | actin and myosin
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| What is on each side of the Z line? | I band
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| What is in the center of each sarcomere? | the H zone
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| What is the brief reversal back to the charge called? | action potential
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| What is the enlarged nerve terminal called? | presynaptic terminal
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| The space between the presynaptic and the muscle cell is called what? | synaptic cleft
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| What is the muscle fiber called? | postsynaptic terminal
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| Each presynaptic terminal contains what? | synaptic vesicles
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| Synaptic vesicles secrete a neurotransmitter called what? | acetylcholine
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| What occurs when synaptic vessels cannot cross over? | paralysis
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| What is a contraction of an entire muscle called? | muscle twitch
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| What is the muscle fiber level called? | threshold
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| When a muscle fiber contracts maximally its called what? | all-or-none response
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| The time between application of a stimulus is called what? | lag phase
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| What is the time of contraction called? | contraction phase
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| When the muscle relaxes its called what? | relaxation phase
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| Where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany
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| increase in number of motor units is called what? | recruitment
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| What is ATP? | adenosine triphosphate
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| What does ATP produce? | mitochondria
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| What does ATP degenerate? | ADP
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| What do muscle cells constantly produce? | ATP
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| What is anaerobic respiration? | without oxygen
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| What is aerobic respiration? | with oxygen
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| What is oxygen debt? | amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions
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| When does muscle fatigue occur? | when ATP is used during muscle contractions faster than they can be produced
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| What is isometric? | the length of the muscle does not change
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| What is isotonic? | the amount of tension produced by the muscle
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| What is muscle tone? | refers to constant tension produced by muscle of the body for long periods of time
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| What are fast -twitch fibers? | contracts quickly and fatigue quickly?
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| What is slow- twitch fibers? | contract more slowly and are more resistant
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| What is the origin? | the most stationary end of the muscle
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| What is the insertion? | the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| What is the belly? | the muscle between the origin and the insertion
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| Some muscles have multiple what? | origins or head
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| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called? | synergist
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| Muscles that work against each other are called what? | antagonist
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| The muscle that plays a major role in accomplishing the desired movement is called what? | prime mover
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| The A band extends to the length of what? | myosin
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| The combination of acetylcholine with its receptor causes what? | influx of sodium ions into the muscle fiber
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| What is the breakdown of acetylcholinesterase called? | enzymatic breakdown
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| What does the enzymatic breakdown ensure? | the neuron yields only one action potential in the skeletal muscle
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| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows
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| Orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids
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| Orbicularis oris | puckers the lips
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| mastication | chewing
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| zygomaticus | smiling muscle
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| levator labii superioris | sneering
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| depressor anguli oris | frowning
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| buccinator | flattens the cheeks
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| intrinsic tongue muscles | change the shape of tongue
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| extrinsic tongue muscles | move the tongue
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| erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back
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| trapezius | rotates scapula
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| pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm
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| triceps brachii | extends forearm
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| biceps brachii | flexes forearm
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| brachialis | flexes forearm
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| flexor carpi | flexes the wrist
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| extensor carpi | extends the wrist
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| flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers
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