Chapter 6- Muscles
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| Four major functional characteristics of skeletal muscle? | 1.) CONTRACTility
2.) EXCITability
3.) EXTENsinility
4.) ELASTICity
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| Contractility? | to shorten w/ force
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| Excitability? | to respond to a stimulus
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| Extensibility? | to be stretched
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| Elasticity? | to recoil
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| EPImysium? | (connective tissue sheath) that surrounds the skeletal muscle
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| Fascia? | (connective tissue) that surrounds and separates muscles
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| Msucle fasciculi (fascicle)? | visible bundles
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| PERImysium? | (loose connective tissue) that surrounds fascicle
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| Muscle cells? | muscle fibers in fascicle
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| Muscle fibers contain _________ ________. | several nuclei
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| ENDOmysium? | (connective tissue sheath) that surrounds each muscle fiber
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| Each fiber is filled with __________. | myofibrils
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| Myofibrils? | threadlike structure that extends from one fiber to another
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| 2 kinds of (protein) fibers in myofibrils? | 1.) actin
2.) myosin
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| Actin myofilaments? | thin; pearls twisted together
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| Myosin myofilaments? | thick; bundles of golf clubs
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| What do actin and myosin form? | sarcomeres
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| Sarcomeres? | basic structure and function of a muscle
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| How far do sarcomeres extend? | from z line to another z line
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| What do actin and myosin look like? | bands
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| Are I bands light or dark? | light
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| Is actin or myosin in I bands? | actin
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| What is at the center of each sarcomere? | H zone
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| What does the H zone consist of? | (only) myosin
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| Where in the M line located? | in the middle of the H line
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| Is the M line light or dark? | dark
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| Outside of the membrane vs inside | outside- positively charged
inside- negatively charged
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| The charge difference across membrane is called _________ ________ __________. | resting membrane potential
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| Motor neurons are ________ _______ that carry ________ ________ to skeletal muscle fibers. | nerve cells/action potentials
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| Axons _______ the muscles and branch. | enter
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| Neuruomusclular junction? | (synapse) near the center of the cell
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| Motor unit? | a single motor neuron that forms a single cell
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| Enlarged nerve terminal? | presynaptic terminal
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| Space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell? | synaptic cleft
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| Muscle fiber? | postsynaptic terminal
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| What do postsynaptic terminals contain? | synaptic vesicles
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| Neurotransmitter? | acetylcholine
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| Acetylcholinesterase? | enzymes that break down the neuron and muscle cell
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| When does muscle contraction occur? | when actin and myosin slide past each other
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| When actin and myosin slide past each other during contraction it is called the __________ ___________ _____________. | sliding filament mechanism
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| Muscle twitch? | contraction of entire muscle in response to stimulus
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| When will the muscle fiber respond to stimulus? | when the stimulus reaches the threshold
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| All-or-none response? | when muscle fiber contracts maximally
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| Time between stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is the ______ phase. | lag
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| Time of contraction is the ________ phase. | contraction
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| Time when the muscle relaxes is the __________ phase. | relaxation
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| When muscle remains contracted without relaxing? | tetany
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| The increase in # of motor units being activated is called __________. | recruitment
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| What does ATP stand for? | adenosine triphosphate
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| ___ us needed for energy for muscle contraction. | ATP
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| Where is ATP produced? | mitochondria
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| T or F? ATP is short-lived and unstable. | true
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| When does ATP become more stable? | when it degenerates to ADP + phosphate
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| What does ADP stand for? | adenosine diphosphate
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| T or F? It is necessary for muscle cells to constantly produce ATP. | true
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| When at rest, can they stockpile? | no
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| What CAN ATP store? | creatine phosphate
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| What is creatine phosphaste? | a high-energy molecule
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| During periods of inactivity, what does exess ATP used for? | synthesize creatine phosphate
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| T or False? The energy stored in creatine phospahte can be accessed quickly and used to produce ATP, then can be used in muscles contraction. | true
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| Which respiration is without oxygen? | anaerobic
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| Which respiration is with oxygen? | aerobic
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| Which is more efficient? | aerobic
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| After exercise, does respiration rate remain elevated? | yes
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| Why does it remain elevated? | provides oxygen to pay back the oxygen debt
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| The __________ _________ is the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depletes stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells. | oxygen debt
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| When ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced, it results in... | muscle fatigue
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| Two types of muscle contraction? | isometric and isotonic
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| Iso/metric? | equal/distance
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| iso/(T)onic | (t)ension
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| Difference between isometric and isotonic? | isometric- tension increases and the length of the muscle doesn't change
isotonic- tension remains the same, and the length changes
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| Muscle tone? | constant tension
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| What does muscle tension do? | keeps head up and back straight
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| Fast-twitch fibers? | contract and fatigue quickly (anaerobic)
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| Slow-twitch fibers? | contract slowly and are more resistant to fatigue (aerobic)
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| White meat? | fast-twitch fibers
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| Dark meat? | slow-twitch
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