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Chapter 6- Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Four major functional characteristics of skeletal muscle? | 1.) CONTRACTility 2.) EXCITability 3.) EXTENsinility 4.) ELASTICity |
| Contractility? | to shorten w/ force |
| Excitability? | to respond to a stimulus |
| Extensibility? | to be stretched |
| Elasticity? | to recoil |
| EPImysium? | (connective tissue sheath) that surrounds the skeletal muscle |
| Fascia? | (connective tissue) that surrounds and separates muscles |
| Msucle fasciculi (fascicle)? | visible bundles |
| PERImysium? | (loose connective tissue) that surrounds fascicle |
| Muscle cells? | muscle fibers in fascicle |
| Muscle fibers contain _________ ________. | several nuclei |
| ENDOmysium? | (connective tissue sheath) that surrounds each muscle fiber |
| Each fiber is filled with __________. | myofibrils |
| Myofibrils? | threadlike structure that extends from one fiber to another |
| 2 kinds of (protein) fibers in myofibrils? | 1.) actin 2.) myosin |
| Actin myofilaments? | thin; pearls twisted together |
| Myosin myofilaments? | thick; bundles of golf clubs |
| What do actin and myosin form? | sarcomeres |
| Sarcomeres? | basic structure and function of a muscle |
| How far do sarcomeres extend? | from z line to another z line |
| What do actin and myosin look like? | bands |
| Are I bands light or dark? | light |
| Is actin or myosin in I bands? | actin |
| What is at the center of each sarcomere? | H zone |
| What does the H zone consist of? | (only) myosin |
| Where in the M line located? | in the middle of the H line |
| Is the M line light or dark? | dark |
| Outside of the membrane vs inside | outside- positively charged inside- negatively charged |
| The charge difference across membrane is called _________ ________ __________. | resting membrane potential |
| Motor neurons are ________ _______ that carry ________ ________ to skeletal muscle fibers. | nerve cells/action potentials |
| Axons _______ the muscles and branch. | enter |
| Neuruomusclular junction? | (synapse) near the center of the cell |
| Motor unit? | a single motor neuron that forms a single cell |
| Enlarged nerve terminal? | presynaptic terminal |
| Space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell? | synaptic cleft |
| Muscle fiber? | postsynaptic terminal |
| What do postsynaptic terminals contain? | synaptic vesicles |
| Neurotransmitter? | acetylcholine |
| Acetylcholinesterase? | enzymes that break down the neuron and muscle cell |
| When does muscle contraction occur? | when actin and myosin slide past each other |
| When actin and myosin slide past each other during contraction it is called the __________ ___________ _____________. | sliding filament mechanism |
| Muscle twitch? | contraction of entire muscle in response to stimulus |
| When will the muscle fiber respond to stimulus? | when the stimulus reaches the threshold |
| All-or-none response? | when muscle fiber contracts maximally |
| Time between stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is the ______ phase. | lag |
| Time of contraction is the ________ phase. | contraction |
| Time when the muscle relaxes is the __________ phase. | relaxation |
| When muscle remains contracted without relaxing? | tetany |
| The increase in # of motor units being activated is called __________. | recruitment |
| What does ATP stand for? | adenosine triphosphate |
| ___ us needed for energy for muscle contraction. | ATP |
| Where is ATP produced? | mitochondria |
| T or F? ATP is short-lived and unstable. | true |
| When does ATP become more stable? | when it degenerates to ADP + phosphate |
| What does ADP stand for? | adenosine diphosphate |
| T or F? It is necessary for muscle cells to constantly produce ATP. | true |
| When at rest, can they stockpile? | no |
| What CAN ATP store? | creatine phosphate |
| What is creatine phosphaste? | a high-energy molecule |
| During periods of inactivity, what does exess ATP used for? | synthesize creatine phosphate |
| T or False? The energy stored in creatine phospahte can be accessed quickly and used to produce ATP, then can be used in muscles contraction. | true |
| Which respiration is without oxygen? | anaerobic |
| Which respiration is with oxygen? | aerobic |
| Which is more efficient? | aerobic |
| After exercise, does respiration rate remain elevated? | yes |
| Why does it remain elevated? | provides oxygen to pay back the oxygen debt |
| The __________ _________ is the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depletes stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells. | oxygen debt |
| When ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced, it results in... | muscle fatigue |
| Two types of muscle contraction? | isometric and isotonic |
| Iso/metric? | equal/distance |
| iso/(T)onic | (t)ension |
| Difference between isometric and isotonic? | isometric- tension increases and the length of the muscle doesn't change isotonic- tension remains the same, and the length changes |
| Muscle tone? | constant tension |
| What does muscle tension do? | keeps head up and back straight |
| Fast-twitch fibers? | contract and fatigue quickly (anaerobic) |
| Slow-twitch fibers? | contract slowly and are more resistant to fatigue (aerobic) |
| White meat? | fast-twitch fibers |
| Dark meat? | slow-twitch |
Created by:
kstep24
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