Chapter 6 Anatomy
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| Contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| Excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| Extensibility | the ability to be stretched
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| Elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched
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| Epimysium | surrounds the entire skeletal muscle
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| Fascia | located outside the epimysium; surrounds and separates muscles
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| Perimysium | surrounds muscle fascicle
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| Endomysium | surrounds each muscle fiber
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| Myofibrils | the cytoplasm each fiber is filled with; extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| Myofibrils consist of 2 major kinds of protein fibers | Actin and Myosin
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| Actin | thin myofilaments; resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together
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| Myosin | thick filaments; resemble bundles of minute golf clubs
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| Sarcomere | the basic structural and functional unity of the muscle
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| Each sarcomere extends from one ____________ to another __________. Each _______________ is an attachment site for _____________. | Z line; Actin
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| What gives a sarcomere its banded appearance? | The arrangemnt of actin and myosin
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| On each side of the Z line is a light area called an ______________. It consists of _____________. | I band; actin
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| The ____________ extends the length of the myosin. It is the darker central region in each sarcomere. | A band
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| What's in the center of each sarcomere? What does it consist of? | light area called H zone; myosin
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| What is the dark staining band in the center of the sarcomere? | M line
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| Resting Membrane Potential | The charge difference across the membrane (outside is positive, inside is negative)
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| Action Potential | The brief reversal back of the charge
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| Motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| Neuromuscular junction | synapse; formed by an enlarged nerve terminal resting in an identation of the muscle cell membrane
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| Motor unit | a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
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| Enlarged nerve terminal | Presynaptic terminal; contains synaptic vesicles that secrete a neurotransmitter called acetycholine
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| Sliding filament mechanism | the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during sontraction; H and I bands shorten, but A bands do not change in length
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| Muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers
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| Threshold | the level a stimulus needs to reach for a muscle fiber to respond
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| Lag phase | the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction
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| Tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| The increase in number of of motor units being activated is called | recruitment
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| _____________ is needed for energy for muscle contraction | ATP: produced in mitochondria
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| ATP is short lived; It degenerates to | ADP plus phosphate
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| ATP | adenosine triphosphate
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| ADP | adenosine diphosphate
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| Anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| Aerobic respiration | with oxygen (more efficient)
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| Why does muscle fatigue occur? | when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced
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| isometric | (equal distance) the length of the muscle does not change but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process
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| Muscle tone | refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time. Keeps head up and back straight
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| Fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly. Well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism. Ex. white meat of a chicken's breast
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| Slow-twitch fibers | contact more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. They are better suited for aerobic metabolism. Ex, dark meat of a duck's breast or the legs of a chicken
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| Origin (head) | the most stationary end of the muscle; some muscles can have multiple heads
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| Insertion | the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| Belly | the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion
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| Synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements
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| Antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another
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| Prime mover | a muscle among a group of synergists that play a major role in accomplishing a desired movement
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| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows
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| Orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids and causes "crows feet" wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye
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| Orbicularis oris | Puckers the lips
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| Buccinator | flattens the cheeks. Trumpeter's muscle
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| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle
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| Levator labii superioris | sneering
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| Depressor anguli oris | frowning
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| Mastification | Chewing; 4 pairs of mastification muscles- 2 pair of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter
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| Intrinsic Tongue Muscles | change the shape of the tongue
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| Extrinsic Tongue Muscles | move the tongue
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| Sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover. Rotates and abducts the head
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| Erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back. Responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect
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| Thoracic muscles most involved in breathing | external and internal intercostals
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| External intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration
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| Internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration
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| Diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing. Dome-shaped muscle. Aids in breathing
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| Muscles of the anterior abdominal wall | flex and rotate the vertebral column, compress the abdominal cavity, and hold in the abdominal viscera
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| Linea Alba | tendinous area of the abdominal wall that consists of white connective tissue rather than muscle
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| On each side of the Linea Alba | Rectus Abdominis
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| Tendinous inscriptions | cross the rectus abdominis at three or more locations, causing the adominal wall of a well-muscled person to appear segmented
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| Scapula movements | trapezius
Serratus anterior
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| The arm is attached to the thorax by the | pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles
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| Pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm
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| Latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. "Swimmer muscles"
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| Deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb
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| Forearm movements | Triceps brachii
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
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| Trapezius | rotates scapula
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| Serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly
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| Triceps brachii | extends the forearm. Occupies the posterior compartment of the arm
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| Biceps brachii | flexes the forearm. Occupies the anterior compartment of the arm
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| Brachialis | flexes forearm
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| Brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm
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| Retinaculum (bracelet) | strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so that they do not "bowstring" during muscle contraction
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| Wrist and finger movements | flexor carpi
extensor carpi
flexor digitorum
extensor digitorum
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| Flexor Carpi | flexes the wrist
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| Extensor Carpi | extends the wrist
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| Flexor Digitorum | flexes the fingers
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| Extensor digitorum | Extends the fingers
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| The 19 hand muscles located within the hand | intrinsic hand muscles
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| The muscles located between the metacarpals that are responsible for adduction and abduction of the fingers. | interossi muscles
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| Gluteus maximus | buttocks; contributes most of the mass of the buttocks
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| Gluteus medius | hip muscle and common injection site
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| Leg movements | Quadriceps Femoris
Sartorius
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| Quadriceps Femoris | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles
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| Sartorius | "tailor's muscle";flexes the thigh
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| Hamstring muscles | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh
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| Gastrocnemius and Soleus | form the calf muscle
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| The gastrocnemius and soleus join to form the | calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon); flex the foot and toes
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| The lateral muscles of the leg that are primarily everters of the foot, but also aid in plantar flexion. | Peroneus muscles
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| 20 muscles located within the foot that flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the toes. | Insintric muscles
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