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| Contractility | Ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| Extensibility | ability to be stretched
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| Excitability | ability to respond to stimuli
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| Elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched
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| Epimysium |
connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle
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| Fascia | Connective tissue located outside the epimysium and surrounds/separates muscles.
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| Perimysium | Loose connective tissue that surrounds fascicle
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| muscle cells | muscle fibers
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| Each muscle fiber is surrounded by | endomysium
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| Cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with | muofibrils
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| Myofibris consist of 2 major kinds of protien fibers called |
actin myofilaments and myosin myofilaments
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| Actin myofilaments | thin myofilaments. look like pearls twisted together
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| myosin myofilaments | thick filaments. look like bundles of golf clubs
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| sacromeres | The Actin and Myosin filaments in skeletal muscles are organized into sections
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| the basic structrural and functional unity of the muscle | sacromere
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| Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) | charge difference across the membrane
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| Action Potential (AP) | brief reversal back of the charge
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| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| neuronmuscular junction or synapse | the link between an axon terminal and a muscle fiber and is near the center of the cell
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| motor unit | a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
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| the enlarged nerve terminal | presynaptic terminal
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| the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell | synaptic cleft
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| Each presynaptic terminal contains ___________, which secrete a neurotransmitter called__________. | synaptic vesicles, acetylcholine
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| The acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and the muscle cell is rapidly broken down by enzymes or __________ | acetylcholinesterase
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| sliding filament mechanism | the sliding of actin and myofilaments past myson myofilaments during contraction
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| muscle twitch | contraction of a whole muscle in response to a single stimulus
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| threshold | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
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| all-or-none response | A phenomenon at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally.
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| The time between application of the stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of contraction is called the _____ phase. | lag
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| the time of contraction | contraction phase
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| The time during which the muscle relaxes | relation phase
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| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| the increase in number of motor units being activated is called________. | recruitment
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| ATP | (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
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| ATP is produced in the _______ | mitochondria
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| ATP is short-lived and degenerates to the more stable ______. | ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and phosphate
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| A high-energy molecule stored by muscle cells | creatine phosphate
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| anaerobic respiration | Does not use oxygen
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| aerobic | uses oxygen
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| oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen required after physical exercise to convert accumulated lactic acid to glucose
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| muscle fatigue | Results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced.
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| isometric | Equal distance
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| Isometric (equal distance) | the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process.
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| isotonic | equal tension
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| isotonic (equal tension) | the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes.
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| muscle tone | refers to the constant tension produced by the muscles of the body for long periods of time. Keeps head up and back straight.
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| fast-twitch fibers | Contract quickly and fatigue quickly. Well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism.
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| slow twitch fibers | Contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. Better suited for aerobic metabolism.
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| origin | The most stationary end of a muscle
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| Insertion | The end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement.
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| the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion is the ________ | belly
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| T/F: some muscles have multiple origins or head | true
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| muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called _______ | synergists
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| Antagonist | muscles that work in opposition to one another
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| among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement | prime mover
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| Occipitofrontalis | raises eyebrows
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| Orbicularis oculi | closes eyelids and causes "crows feet" wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye
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| Orbicularis oris | puckers the lips
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| buccinator | flattens the cheeks, trumpeter's muscle
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| zygomaticus | smiling muscle
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| levator labii superioris | sneering
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| depressor anguli oris | frowning
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| mastication | chewing
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| intrinsic tongue muscles | change the shape of the tongue
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| extrinsic tongue muscles | move the tongue
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| Sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover. Rotates and abducts the head
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| errector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back. Responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect.
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| thoracic muscles | muscle that moves the thorax
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| most involved in breathing | external intercostals, diaphragm and internal intercostals
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| external intercostals | elevates ribes during inspiration
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| internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration
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| Diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing. Dome shaped muscle and aids in breathing
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| abdominal wall muscles | linea alba, rectus abdominis, and tendinous inscriptions
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| scapular movements | trapezius and serratus anterior
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| trapezius | rotates scapula
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| serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly
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