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ch.6 muscles
eastham
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Contractility | Ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force |
| Extensibility | ability to be stretched |
| Excitability | ability to respond to stimuli |
| Elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched |
| Epimysium | connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle |
| Fascia | Connective tissue located outside the epimysium and surrounds/separates muscles. |
| Perimysium | Loose connective tissue that surrounds fascicle |
| muscle cells | muscle fibers |
| Each muscle fiber is surrounded by | endomysium |
| Cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with | muofibrils |
| Myofibris consist of 2 major kinds of protien fibers called | actin myofilaments and myosin myofilaments |
| Actin myofilaments | thin myofilaments. look like pearls twisted together |
| myosin myofilaments | thick filaments. look like bundles of golf clubs |
| sacromeres | The Actin and Myosin filaments in skeletal muscles are organized into sections |
| the basic structrural and functional unity of the muscle | sacromere |
| Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) | charge difference across the membrane |
| Action Potential (AP) | brief reversal back of the charge |
| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| neuronmuscular junction or synapse | the link between an axon terminal and a muscle fiber and is near the center of the cell |
| motor unit | a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates |
| the enlarged nerve terminal | presynaptic terminal |
| the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell | synaptic cleft |
| Each presynaptic terminal contains ___________, which secrete a neurotransmitter called__________. | synaptic vesicles, acetylcholine |
| The acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and the muscle cell is rapidly broken down by enzymes or __________ | acetylcholinesterase |
| sliding filament mechanism | the sliding of actin and myofilaments past myson myofilaments during contraction |
| muscle twitch | contraction of a whole muscle in response to a single stimulus |
| threshold | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
| all-or-none response | A phenomenon at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally. |
| The time between application of the stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of contraction is called the _____ phase. | lag |
| the time of contraction | contraction phase |
| The time during which the muscle relaxes | relation phase |
| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| the increase in number of motor units being activated is called________. | recruitment |
| ATP | (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work |
| ATP is produced in the _______ | mitochondria |
| ATP is short-lived and degenerates to the more stable ______. | ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and phosphate |
| A high-energy molecule stored by muscle cells | creatine phosphate |
| anaerobic respiration | Does not use oxygen |
| aerobic | uses oxygen |
| oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen required after physical exercise to convert accumulated lactic acid to glucose |
| muscle fatigue | Results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced. |
| isometric | Equal distance |
| Isometric (equal distance) | the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process. |
| isotonic | equal tension |
| isotonic (equal tension) | the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes. |
| muscle tone | refers to the constant tension produced by the muscles of the body for long periods of time. Keeps head up and back straight. |
| fast-twitch fibers | Contract quickly and fatigue quickly. Well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism. |
| slow twitch fibers | Contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. Better suited for aerobic metabolism. |
| origin | The most stationary end of a muscle |
| Insertion | The end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement. |
| the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion is the ________ | belly |
| T/F: some muscles have multiple origins or head | true |
| muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called _______ | synergists |
| Antagonist | muscles that work in opposition to one another |
| among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement | prime mover |
| Occipitofrontalis | raises eyebrows |
| Orbicularis oculi | closes eyelids and causes "crows feet" wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye |
| Orbicularis oris | puckers the lips |
| buccinator | flattens the cheeks, trumpeter's muscle |
| zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| levator labii superioris | sneering |
| depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| mastication | chewing |
| intrinsic tongue muscles | change the shape of the tongue |
| extrinsic tongue muscles | move the tongue |
| Sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover. Rotates and abducts the head |
| errector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back. Responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect. |
| thoracic muscles | muscle that moves the thorax |
| most involved in breathing | external intercostals, diaphragm and internal intercostals |
| external intercostals | elevates ribes during inspiration |
| internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration |
| Diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing. Dome shaped muscle and aids in breathing |
| abdominal wall muscles | linea alba, rectus abdominis, and tendinous inscriptions |
| scapular movements | trapezius and serratus anterior |
| trapezius | rotates scapula |
| serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly |
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megx
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