Thyroid Gland
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| What is the largest endocrine gland in the body? | Thyroid
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| Where is the thyroid located | front of the neck below the Adams's apple
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| What shape is the thyroid have? | Butterfly
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| What crucial role does the thyroid help set? | Metabolic rate
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| The thyroid is a storehouse for what? | Iodine
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| What is the normal variant of the thyroid? | Pyramidal lobe
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| How does the thyroid gland develope? | As a tubular invagination in the floor of the primitive pharynx.
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| An incomplete decent may lead to the formation of thyroid abnormally high in the neck called: | Lingual thyroid or aberrant thyroid
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| Excessive desent of the thyroid leads to: | Substernal thyroid
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| The thyroid is located | in the anterioinferior part of the neck
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| The thryroid is located in a space outlined by | muscles, trachea, esophogus, carotid arteries and jugular veins
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| The thyroid is made up of | Right and Left lobes
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| The right and left lobes are connected by the | Isthmus draping over the trachea
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| The superior border of the lobes begin at the | Thyroid cartilage
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| The Right lobe is | often larger than the left
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| Tall individuals | glands longitudinally elongated
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| shorter individuals | glands more oval
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| Normal dimensions of the lobes | vary widely
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| The anteroposterior diameter | is the most reliable measurement of the thyroid.
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| Four arteries supply blood | The upper poles receive blood via two superior thyroid arteries that arise from the ECA. The inferior thyroid artery is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk. ( a branch of the subclavian a.)
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| What makes up the major neurovascular bundle? | Internal Jugular Vein, vagus nerve, CCA
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| What makes up the minor neurovascular bundle? | inferior thyroid artery, recurrent laryngeal nerve mark the posterior border of the thyroid.
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| Anatomic variants of the thyroid | pyramidal lobe 15-30% can arise from either lobe
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| Hypothyroidism | Hashimoto's disease
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| Hyperthyoidism | Graves' disease
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| Hypothyroidism symptoms | dry brittle hair, angina, bradycardia, constipation, menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, dry yellowish skin, cold intolerance, decreased sweating, lethargy, tiredness,fatigue, brittle nails
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| Hyperthyroidism symptoms | hair-thinning, fine, Tachycardia, palpitations, diarrhea, amenorrhea, decreased menstrual flow, hot, flushed, moist skin, heat intolerance, increased sweating, nervousness, irritability, insominia, palmar erythema
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| Goiter | refers to a diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland
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| Goiters are caused by | hypothyroid and hyperthyroid conditions
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| goiters can become large and compress | the esophagus and trachea
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| Posterolateral Landmarks of the thyroid | on transverse views the CCA and internal jugular vein form the posterior lateral border of the gland
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| Posterolateral Landmarks of the thyroid | the artery is located medial to the vein
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| Medial Landmark | The air-filled trachea forms the medial border and appears hyperechoic with posterior shadowing
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| Anterolateral Landmark | The sternocleidomastoid is lateral and superficial to the omohyoid. The sternothyroid, sternohyoid and omohyoid muscles collectivley called the strap muscles form the anterolateral border of the gland.
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| Strap Muscles | directly superficial to the thyroid gland is the sternothyroid muscle,which is bordered by the sternohyoid anteriorly and omohyoid laterally.
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| Posterior Landmark | longus colli muscle appears as low-level, echogenic structure defining the posterior border of the gland
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| Normal thyroid is uniformaly | echogenic, with medium-to high level echoes similiar to testes
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| The strap muscles | are hypoechoic relative to the gland
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| The LCM (longus colli muscle) | is triangulary shaped
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| The esophagus is visualized slightly to the | left of mid-line adjacent to the trachea and appears and as circular hypoechoic structure.
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| In the sagittal plane of imaging | the strap muscles and SCM (sternocleidomastoid muscle) are anterior to the gland.
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| The strap muscles consist of | sternothyroid, sternohyoid and omohyoid muscles which form the anterolateral border of the gland
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| What muscle is not a strap muscle? | the sternonocleidomastoid muscle which is located lateral and superficial to the omohyoid muscle.
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| Myxedema | when hypothyroidism first appears in older children or adults
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| Common symptoms of myxedema | lethargy, slow intellectual fx, fatigue, weakness, cold-intolerance, contipation, weight increase, hair loss, bradycardia.
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| Cretinism (hypothyroidism) presents when? | during development and infancy
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| Common symptoms of Cretinism | floppy infant, thick, protruding tongue, poor feeding, chocking episodes, thickened facial features, constipation, short stature, abnormal bone growth, mental retardation.
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| Hyperthyroidism results from what? | over secretion of thyroid horomone
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| Hyperthyroidism is predominantly found in whom? | adult women peak incidence between 30 and 50 yrs.
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| Three causes collectively account for 99% of hyperthyroidism cases. | diffuse toxic hyperplasia(Graves'disease)-85% Toxic multinodudular goiter and toxic adenoma
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| Hyperthyroidism is also called? | thyrotoxicosis
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| It occurs as part of a syndrome which may include______________and _______________ and is know as Graves' disease | goiter and exopthalmos
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| Causes of thyroid englargement | Inborn errors of throid hormone synthesis, nutritional iodine deficiency, goitrogenic substances, nontoxic nodular goiter, diffuse toxic goiter (graves' disease) throiditis (Hashimoto's ) and neoplasms (malignant or benign)
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| Toxic goiter refers to a goiter with | hyperthyroidism
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