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Thyroid Gland
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the largest endocrine gland in the body? | Thyroid |
| Where is the thyroid located | front of the neck below the Adams's apple |
| What shape is the thyroid have? | Butterfly |
| What crucial role does the thyroid help set? | Metabolic rate |
| The thyroid is a storehouse for what? | Iodine |
| What is the normal variant of the thyroid? | Pyramidal lobe |
| How does the thyroid gland develope? | As a tubular invagination in the floor of the primitive pharynx. |
| An incomplete decent may lead to the formation of thyroid abnormally high in the neck called: | Lingual thyroid or aberrant thyroid |
| Excessive desent of the thyroid leads to: | Substernal thyroid |
| The thyroid is located | in the anterioinferior part of the neck |
| The thryroid is located in a space outlined by | muscles, trachea, esophogus, carotid arteries and jugular veins |
| The thyroid is made up of | Right and Left lobes |
| The right and left lobes are connected by the | Isthmus draping over the trachea |
| The superior border of the lobes begin at the | Thyroid cartilage |
| The Right lobe is | often larger than the left |
| Tall individuals | glands longitudinally elongated |
| shorter individuals | glands more oval |
| Normal dimensions of the lobes | vary widely |
| The anteroposterior diameter | is the most reliable measurement of the thyroid. |
| Four arteries supply blood | The upper poles receive blood via two superior thyroid arteries that arise from the ECA. The inferior thyroid artery is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk. ( a branch of the subclavian a.) |
| What makes up the major neurovascular bundle? | Internal Jugular Vein, vagus nerve, CCA |
| What makes up the minor neurovascular bundle? | inferior thyroid artery, recurrent laryngeal nerve mark the posterior border of the thyroid. |
| Anatomic variants of the thyroid | pyramidal lobe 15-30% can arise from either lobe |
| Hypothyroidism | Hashimoto's disease |
| Hyperthyoidism | Graves' disease |
| Hypothyroidism symptoms | dry brittle hair, angina, bradycardia, constipation, menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, dry yellowish skin, cold intolerance, decreased sweating, lethargy, tiredness,fatigue, brittle nails |
| Hyperthyroidism symptoms | hair-thinning, fine, Tachycardia, palpitations, diarrhea, amenorrhea, decreased menstrual flow, hot, flushed, moist skin, heat intolerance, increased sweating, nervousness, irritability, insominia, palmar erythema |
| Goiter | refers to a diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| Goiters are caused by | hypothyroid and hyperthyroid conditions |
| goiters can become large and compress | the esophagus and trachea |
| Posterolateral Landmarks of the thyroid | on transverse views the CCA and internal jugular vein form the posterior lateral border of the gland |
| Posterolateral Landmarks of the thyroid | the artery is located medial to the vein |
| Medial Landmark | The air-filled trachea forms the medial border and appears hyperechoic with posterior shadowing |
| Anterolateral Landmark | The sternocleidomastoid is lateral and superficial to the omohyoid. The sternothyroid, sternohyoid and omohyoid muscles collectivley called the strap muscles form the anterolateral border of the gland. |
| Strap Muscles | directly superficial to the thyroid gland is the sternothyroid muscle,which is bordered by the sternohyoid anteriorly and omohyoid laterally. |
| Posterior Landmark | longus colli muscle appears as low-level, echogenic structure defining the posterior border of the gland |
| Normal thyroid is uniformaly | echogenic, with medium-to high level echoes similiar to testes |
| The strap muscles | are hypoechoic relative to the gland |
| The LCM (longus colli muscle) | is triangulary shaped |
| The esophagus is visualized slightly to the | left of mid-line adjacent to the trachea and appears and as circular hypoechoic structure. |
| In the sagittal plane of imaging | the strap muscles and SCM (sternocleidomastoid muscle) are anterior to the gland. |
| The strap muscles consist of | sternothyroid, sternohyoid and omohyoid muscles which form the anterolateral border of the gland |
| What muscle is not a strap muscle? | the sternonocleidomastoid muscle which is located lateral and superficial to the omohyoid muscle. |
| Myxedema | when hypothyroidism first appears in older children or adults |
| Common symptoms of myxedema | lethargy, slow intellectual fx, fatigue, weakness, cold-intolerance, contipation, weight increase, hair loss, bradycardia. |
| Cretinism (hypothyroidism) presents when? | during development and infancy |
| Common symptoms of Cretinism | floppy infant, thick, protruding tongue, poor feeding, chocking episodes, thickened facial features, constipation, short stature, abnormal bone growth, mental retardation. |
| Hyperthyroidism results from what? | over secretion of thyroid horomone |
| Hyperthyroidism is predominantly found in whom? | adult women peak incidence between 30 and 50 yrs. |
| Three causes collectively account for 99% of hyperthyroidism cases. | diffuse toxic hyperplasia(Graves'disease)-85% Toxic multinodudular goiter and toxic adenoma |
| Hyperthyroidism is also called? | thyrotoxicosis |
| It occurs as part of a syndrome which may include______________and _______________ and is know as Graves' disease | goiter and exopthalmos |
| Causes of thyroid englargement | Inborn errors of throid hormone synthesis, nutritional iodine deficiency, goitrogenic substances, nontoxic nodular goiter, diffuse toxic goiter (graves' disease) throiditis (Hashimoto's ) and neoplasms (malignant or benign) |
| Toxic goiter refers to a goiter with | hyperthyroidism |
Created by:
lelibet
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