chapters 13,14,15
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| A band cell is | immature white blood cell
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| WBC's recognize foreign antigens & produce antibodies | lymphocytes
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| organ that produces erythropoietin during hypoxia | kidney
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| oxygen carrying protein of the RBC's | hemoglobin
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| blood clot is made of | fibrin
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| Backflow from the ventricles to the atria is prevented by the: | mitral and tricuspid vlaves
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| each normal heart beat is initiated by | SA node
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| vessel in which the left ventricle pumps blood | aorta
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| systole | contraction
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| Normal, healthy adult heart rate | 60-100
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| fetal blood vessel that carries blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta | ductus arteriosus
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| backflow of blood within a veins is prevented by | valves
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| blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete | renin
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| person with type AB blood has which of the following? | A and B antigens on the RBC's and neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in the plasm
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| red bone marrow produce? | all the types of blood cells
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| mineral that is needed for chemical clotting | calcium
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| normal pH of the blood | 7.35-7.45
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| in the wall of a large artery that causes it to contract in vascular spasm in an attempt to control bleeding | smooth muscle
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| abnormal clot that forms on a rough surface in an intact vessel | thrombus
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| WBC's that carry out most phagocytosis of pathogens | monocytes and neutrophils
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| function of erythropoietin | increase in RBC production
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| prevent backflow of blood from the arteries to the ventricles? | aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves
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| name for the veins that return blood to the right atrium of the heart | superior and inferior vena cava
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| defines the amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 minute | cardiac output
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| fetal vessel that carries blood from the placenta to the fetus | umbilical vein
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| In capillaries, nutrients are transported from the blood to the tissues through | filtration
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| Numbers in a bp | systolic/diastolic
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| will happen to the blood pressure in cases of large blood loss or hemorrhage | it will decrease
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| ADH will increase blood pressure because it | increases water reabsorption by the kidneys
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| a hematocrit reveal | how much oxygen the blood can carry
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| substance allows RBC's to transport oxygen | hemoglobin
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| move to high altitude would trigger which change in the blood | an increased number of reticulocytes
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| Hemolysis may produce which physical sign | jaundice
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| infecting organism pierces the skin, which of the following WBC's would quickly migrate out of the blood vessels and into tissues to ingest the foreign invaders | neutrophils
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| unwanted part of hemostasis | formation of a thrombis
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| substance, carried by each red blood cell, determines blood type | antigen
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| following will occur if someone with type A blood receives a transfusion with type B blood? | agglutination
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| point of maximum impulse of the heart | apex
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| portion of the heart wall that lines the heart's chambers is | endocardium
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| heart valve controls the flow of blood between the left atrium and the left ventricle | mitral valve
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| name of the great vessel that supplies blood to the right atrium | superior and inferior vena cava
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| myocardium receive its blood supply | it receives its blood supply through the right and left coronary arteries
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| heart's primary pacemaker | the sinoatrial node (SA node)
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| cardiac cycle | the series of events that occur form teh beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next
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| term used to describe the amount of tension, or stretch, in the ventricular muscle just before it contracts | preload
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| vessels that carry blood away form the heart are | arteries
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| reason blood constantly circulates is | pressure gradients
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| Plasma | Clear extracellular matrix of blood
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| Formed Elements | Cell and Cell Fragments Make up 45% of blood. include Erythrocytes (RBC) and platelets.
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| Red Bone Marrow: | produce all types of blood cells.
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| Red Bone Cells | Can not divide
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| Red Blood Cells | Delivers oxygen, removes carbon dioxide
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| hemoglobin | over 1/3 of interior RBC is filled with it.
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| hemoglobin | bound to each globin is an iron-containing molecule
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| hemoglobin | 4 ribbon-like protein chains called globin
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| Blood is what kind of tissue | Connective tissue
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| red blood cells | blood and blood forming tissue
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| Life Cycle of a RBC #1 | damaged rbc removed from circulation
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| Life cycle of a RBC #1 | oxygen levels fall
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| Life cycle of a RBC #2 | kidneys detect declining levels of oxygen
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| Life cycle of a RBC #2 | kidneys secrete EPO
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| EPO | Erythtopoletin
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| Life cycle of a RBC #3 | EPO stimulates red Bone Marrow to begin creating new Erythrocytes
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| Life cycle of a RBC #4 | a reticulocyte is released
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| reticulocyte | immature form of an erythrocyte
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| Life cycle of a RBC #5 | after 1-2 days the reticulocyte becomes a mature erythrocyte
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| Life cycle of a RBC #6 | number of RBC increases, oxygen levels rise
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| Life cycle of a RBC #6 | EPO is produced and RBC production declines
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| breakdown of Red blood Cells #1 | liver and spleen ingest/destroy old RBCS
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| breakdown of Red blood Cells #2 | hemoglobin becomes hemo and globin
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| breakdown of Red blood Cells #3 | globin is broken down into Amino Acids
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| breakdown of Red blood Cells #4 | Amino Acids= used for energy=create new proteins
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| breakdown of Red blood Cells #5 | hemo = iron bilirubin
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| breakdown of Red blood Cells #6 | iron is transported to bone marrow to make new hemoglobin
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| breakdown of Red blood Cells #7 | bilirubin becomes bile in intestines
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| hemolysis | excessive destruction of RBCS
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| jaundice | body canot handle excess Bilirubin, so it pools in the tissue turning it a yellow tint ,
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| polycythemia | new RBCS are being made before Old ones can be Destroyed
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| Anemia | insufficient supply of iron in the blood.
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| White Blood Cells | called Leukocytes. crucial to life.
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| White Blood Cells | fewest of formed elements. 5 types of White Blood Cells
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| White Blood Cells | all leukocytes have a nucleus
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| Platelets (thrombocytes) | Second most formed element
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| Platelets (thrombocytes) | play key role in stopping bleeding
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| Platelets (thrombocytes) | live about 1 day
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| Homopoiesis | production of blood
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| Bile | gives feces a brown color
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| Leukopenia | abnormally low wbc
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| coagulation | clotting of blood that involves a complex series of chemical reactions
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| thrombin | transforms plasma protein into fine insoluble fibers
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| fibrin | forms web at the site of an injury
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| hemophilia | deficiency in one of the clotting factors
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| Universal donor | can be give 2 ANY recipient
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| fibrinolysis | dissolution of a blood clot
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| function of cardiovascular system | pump oxygen rich blood throughout the body
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| where is the heart located? | in the Thoracic cavity
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| Base | where vessels enter and leave the heart
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| apex | point of maximum impulse
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| atrium | 2 upper receiving chambers of the heart
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| ventricles | 2 lower pumping chambers of the heart
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| heart Valves | 1 @ end of each ventricle, 1 between each atrium and ventricle
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| Cuspor leaflets | Valves are formed by 2-3 flaps of tissues
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| Senilunar Valves | regulate flow between ventricles and arteries
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| Artioventricular Valves | regulate flow between atrium and ventricles
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| coronary arteries | deliver oxygenated blood to the myocardium
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| coronary arteries | collect deoxygenated blood
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| coronary arteries (right) | supplies blood to rt atrium, rt ventricle, lt inferior part of ventricle & part of lt atrium
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| coronary arteries (left) | supplies blood to left ventricle and most of the interventricular septum
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| Purkinjle fibers | conduct impulses throughout the muscle of both ventricles causing them to contract
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| SA (sinoatrial node) | 60-80 BPM
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| AV (atrioventricular node) | 40-60 BPM
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| Purkinjle fibers | 20-40 PM
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| Bundle of HIS | transmits impulses from the atrioventricular node, to the ventricles of the heart
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| Electrocardiogram | records electrical activity or impulses. DOES NOT record heart contractions.
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| Arteries Away | Arteries carry blood AWAY
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| Capillaries Connect | Capillaries serve to Connect arteries and veins
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| arterioles | resist the flow of blood.
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| conducting arteries | expand as blood surges into them and recoil when ventricles relax
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| arteries | carry blood away from the heart, when the heart pumps it forces blood into the arteries
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| distributing arteries |
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| veins | blood returns to heart in veins. They are very stretchy
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| large Veins | thick thunica externa (vena cava. pulmonary valve)
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| medium sized veins | formed by the convergence on venules on their route towards the heart
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| medium sized veins | contain one-way valves. prevent backflow
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| venules | collect blood from capillaries. can exchange fluid with surrounding tissue.
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| capillaries | link arterioles to venules.
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| capillaries | nutrients, wastes and hormones transferred between blood and tissue
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| capillaries | aren't easily distributed. Vital. also known as exchange vessels.
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| capillaries | fibrous connective tissues = less capillaries
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| capillaries | high metabolic rate tissues- more capillaries
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| capillaries | barely wide enough for blood. thin walls = filtering of substances
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| pulmonary circulation | routes blood from and to the lungs in exchange for 02 and C02
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| Systemic circulation | removes wastes involves arteries and veins, comes from aorta
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| Heptic Portal Circulation | Digestive organs and spleen veins empty into the inferior vena cava
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| allows liver to modify blood going back to heart and get rid of excess glucose and toxins | Heptic Portal Circulation
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| Diastolic | ventricle relaxes
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