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| What are joints? | The points where bones meet.
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| What’s another word for joints? | Articulations.
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| What are fibrous joints? | Sutures in the skull. They don’t move.
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| What’s another word for fibrous joint? | Synarthroses
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| What are cartilaginous joints? | Slightly moveable. Pubic bones and vertebrae are examples.
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| What’s another word for cartilaginous joints? | Amphiarthroses
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| Synoval Joint | Free moving joint, numerous and versatile. Has a joint capsule.
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| Diarthroses | Another word for synoval joint
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| What are the types of synoval joints? | Pivot joint, ball and socket joint, saddle joint, hinge joint, gliding joint, condyloid joint.
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| Pivot joint | Atlas and axis. Rotates head.
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| Ball and socket joint | Cup-like socket. Offer widest range of motion. Shoulders and hip joints.
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| Saddle joint | Shaped like a horse saddle. Only in thumb.
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| Hinge joint | Elbow and knee. Think of the hinge of a door. It can open and close.
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| Gliding joint | Two bones that slide but don’t touch. Metacarpals and carpals.
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| Condyloid joint | Side to side movement like in the wrist.
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| Flexion | Bending of joint
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| Extension | Straightening of a joint
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| Hyperextension | Typically backwards. Stretching a joint beyond its normal straight position.
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| Dorsiflexion | Moving toes up. (Think of a dolphin, their dorsal fin is pointed up)
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| Plantar flexion | Foot pointed downward. (Plant something down into the ground)
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| Abduction | Away from midline. (If you get abducted you get taken away)
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| Adduction | Toward the midline.
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| Circulation | I’m a circular motion
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| Internal Rotation | Bone spins towards the body (spin the bone in)
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| External rotation | Bone spins away from the body. (When you exit you walk away)
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| Supination | Palm upward. (Hold a hot bowl of soup in your palm).
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| Pronation | Palm downward
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| Inversion | Sole moves inward.
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| Eversion | Sole moves away from foot.
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| Shoulders synovial joint | Humeroscapular joint & glenchumeral joint
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| Elbow synovial joint | Humeroulnar joint
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| Knee synovial joint | Tibiofemoral joint
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| Hip synovial joint | Ball & socket joint
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| Arthroplasty | Surgical procedure that replaces a diseased joint.
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| Arthritis | Inflammation of a joint
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| Rheumatoid Arthritis | Autoimmune disease in which the body’s antibodies attack the synovial membranes.
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| Osteoarthritis | Bone on bone rubbing
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| Dislocation | The shoulder is more likely to be dislocated than the hip bones. Ball and socket joints are the easiest to dislocate.
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| What are the different types of muscle? | Cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscle
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| Cardiac muscle | Found only in the heart. Involuntary. Straited when viewed under a microscope.
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| Smooth muscle | In digestive tract and uterus. Involuntary and non-straited.
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| Skeletal Muscle | Attached to bone. Straited under microscope. Voluntary muscle.
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| What is the structure of a skeletal muscle? | muscle fiber, endomysium, fascicles, perimysium, epimysium, fascia
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| Muscle fiber | Skeletal muscle cell
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| Endomysium | Connective tissue that covers each muscle fiber
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| Fascicles | Muscle fibers grouped in bundles
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| Perimysium | Sheath of tough connective tissue that encases the fascicles.
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| Epimysium | Connective tissue surrounds the muscle as a whole and binds all fibers.
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| Fascia | Surrounds the muscle.
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| Muscle fiber structure | Myofilament, sarcoplasmic reticulum, sarcolemma. **every muscle fiber has a nuclei**
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| Myofilament (inside) | - made of myosin (thick)
- made of actin (thin)
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| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (inside) | -surrounds myofillament
-myofibrils store glycogen (for energy)
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| Sarcolemma (outside) | Surrounds muscle fiber cell
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| Actin and myosin | Will be attracted at one point
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| Contraction | Actin and myosin slide together without touching one another.
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| Relaxation | Actin and myosin slide apart without touching one another.
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| Myofibril | The thick and thin myofilaments stack together, alternating with one another to form myofibrils.
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| Sarcomere | Where muscle contraction occurs.
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| Step 1 of how muscle fibers contract | Impulse reaches the end of a motor neuron, small vesicles and cell membrane fuse,release a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
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| Step 2 of how muscle fibers contract | ACh quickly diffuses across the synaptic cleft, stimulates receptors in the sarcolemma.
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| Step 3 of how a muscle contracts | Send an electrical impulse over the sarcolemma and onward along the T rubules. Impulse in the T tubles cause the sacs in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium
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| Step 4 of muscle fibers contraction | Calcium binds with troponin on the actin filament to expose attachment points. Myosin heads of the thick filaments grab onto the thin filaments and contraction occurs.
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| Muscle Fiber Relaxation | Nerve impulses stop arriving at the neuromuscular junction, ACh is no longer needed. Calcium gets absorbed.
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| Threshold stimulus | Need a minimum amount of voltage for muscles to contract.
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| Twitch | Single, brief contractionn
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| Treppe | Contracts several times in a row, the contraction will increase or get smaller
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| Tetanus | Muscle contracting
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| Incomplete tetanus | Over time they come back to back and the muscle doesn’t have time to completely relax.
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| Complete tetanus | Long contraction with NO relaxation.
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| Muscle tone | Complete tetanus
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| Isometric | Tension increases in muscle fibers but it’s length remains the same.
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| Isotonic contraction | Tension stays the same but the muscle shortens
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| Isometric contraction | Plank excercise
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| Isotonic contraction | Lifting weights
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| Origin | End of the the muscle that attaches to the more stationary bone.
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| Belly | Thick midsection of the muscle
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| Insertion | End of the muscle that attaches to the more moveable bone.
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| External intercostal | Lie superficially between ribs; elevate the ribs during inspiration.
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| Internal intercostal | Lie deeper than the external intercostal; depress the ribs during forced exhalation.
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| Diaphragm | Enlarged the thorax to trigger respiration.
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| Deltoid | Abducts, flexes and rotates the arm. Involved in swinging the arm; also raises the arm to perform tasks, such as writing on an elevated surface.
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| Energy source | All muscle contraction requires energy in the form of ATP.
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| Energy storage | Muscles only store very small amounts of atp
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| Energy storage | A few seconds of activity will completely deplete the atp within a muscle fiber.
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| Origin | End of a muscle that attaches to the more stationary bone.
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| Belly | Thick midsection of the muscle
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| Insertion | End of the muscle that attaches to the more moveable bone
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| External intercostal | Lie superficially between ribs; elevate the ribs during respiration.
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| Internal intercostal | Lie deeper than the external, depress the ribs during forex exhalation
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| Diaphragm | Enlarged the thorax to trigger respiration
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| Deltoid | Abducts, flexes and rotates the arm. Involved in swinging the arm; also raises the arm to perform tasks, such as writing on an elevated surface
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