Blood System
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| albumin | protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood
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| antibody (Ab) | specific protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens. An antibody Is specific to an antigen and inactivates it.
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| antigen | substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody
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| basophil | white blood cell containing granules that stain blue; associated with release of histamine and heparin
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| bilirubin | orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed
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| coagulation | blood clotting
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| colony-stimulating factor | protein that stimulates growth of white blood cells (granulocytes)
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| differentiation | change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization
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| electrophoresis | method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge
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| eosinophil | white blood cell containing granules that stain red; associated with allergic reactions
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| erythroblast | immature red blood cell
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| erythrocyte | red blood cell. There are about 5 million per microliter or cubic millimeter of blood
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| erythropoietin (EPO) | hormone secreted by the kidneys; stimulates red blood cell formation
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| fibrin | protein that forms the basis of a blood clot
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| fibrinogen | plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process
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| globulin | plasma protein; alpha, beta, and gamma (immune) globulins are examples
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| granulocyte | white blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules: eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil
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| hematopoietic stem cell | cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells
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| hemoglobin | blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells
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| heparin | anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells
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| immune reaction | response of the immune system to foreign invasion
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| immunoglobulin | protein (a globulin) with antibody activity; examples are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD. Immun/o means protection
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| leukocyte | white blood cell
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| lymphocyte | mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies
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| macrophage | monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces. As a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign material and debris. in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, macrophages dstroy worn out red blood cells
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| megakaryocyte | large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow
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| monocyte | leukocyte with one large nucleus. it is a cell that engulfs foreign material and debris. monocytes become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissues
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| mononuclear | pertaining to a cell (leukocyte) with a single round nucleus; lymphocytes and monocytes are mononuclear leukocytes
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| myeloblast | immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes
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| neutrophil | granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow. it is a phagocytic tissue-fighting cell. also called a polymorphonuclear leukocyte
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| plasma | liquid portion of blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, lipids, hormones, and vitamins
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| plasmapheresis | removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge. collected cells are retransfused back into the donor. fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasma
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| platelet | small blood fragment that collects at sites of injury to begin the clotting process
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| polymorphonuclear | pertaining to a white blood cell with a multilobed nucleus; neutrophil
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| prothrombin | plasma protein; concerted to thrombin in the clotting process
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| reticulocyte | immature erythrocyte. A network of strands is seen after staining the cell with special dyes
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| Rh factor | antigen on red blood cells of Rh-positive individuals. the factor was first identified in the blood of a rhesus monkey
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| serum | plasma minus clotting proteins and cells. clear, yellowish fluid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot. it is formed from plasms, but does not contain protein-coagulation factors
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| stem cell | unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms. A hematopoietic stem cell is the progenitor for all different types of blood cells
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| thrombin | enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation.
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| thrombocyte | platelet
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| bas/o | base (alkaline the opposite of acid)
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| chrom/o | color
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| coagul/o | clotting
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| cyt/o | cell
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| eosin/o | red, dawn, rosy
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| erythro/o | red
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| granul/o | granules
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| hem/o | blood
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| hemat/o | blood
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| hemoglobin/o | hemoglobin
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| is/o | same, equal
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| kary/o | nucleus
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| leuk/o | white
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| mon/o | one, single
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| morph/o | shape, form
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| myel/o | bone marrow
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| neutr/o | neutral (neither base nor acid)
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| nucle/o | nucleus
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| phag/o | eat, swallow
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| poikil/o | varied, irregular
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| sider/o | iron
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| spher/o | globe, round
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| thromb/o | clot
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| -apheresis | removal, a carrying away
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| -blast | immature or embryonic cell
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| -cytosis | abnormal condition of cells (increase in cells)
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| -emia | blood condition
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| -gen | giving rise to; producing
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| -globin | protein
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| -lytic | pertaining to destruction
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| -oid | derived or originating from
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| -osis | abnormal condition
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| -penia | deficiency
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| -phage | eat, swallow
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| -philia | attraction for (an increase in cell numbers)
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| -phoresis | carrying, transmission
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| -poiesis | formation
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| -stasis | stop, control
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| anemia | deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin
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| aplastic anemia | failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
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| hemolytic anemia | reduction in red cells die to excessive destruction
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| pernicious anemia | lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream
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| sickle cell anemia | hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis
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| thalassemia | inherited disorder of abnormal hemoglobin production leading to hypochromia
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| hemochromatosis | excess iron deposits throughout the body
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| polycythemia vera | general increase in red blood cells (erythremia)
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| hemophilia | excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of factors VIII and IX necessary for blood clotting
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| purpura | multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin
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| leukemia | increase in cancerous white blood cells (leukocytes)
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| granulocytosis | abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood
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| mononucleosis | infectious disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes
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| multiple myeloma | malignant neoplasm of bone marrow
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| antiglobulin (coombs) test | test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes
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| bleeding time | time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound
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| coagulation time | time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube
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| complete blood count | determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values
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| erythrocyte sedimentation rate | speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma
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| hematocrit | percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood
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| hemoglobin test | total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood
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| platelet count | number of platelets per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
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| prothrombin time | test for the ability of blood to clot
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| red blood cell count | number or erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
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| red blood cell morphology | microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells
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| white blood cell count | number or leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
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| white blood cell differential | percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood
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| apheresis | separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood
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| blood transfusion | whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient
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| bone marrow biopsy | microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle
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| hematopoietic stem cell transplantation | peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient
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