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Anatomy Ch13bloodsys
Blood System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| albumin | protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood |
| antibody (Ab) | specific protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens. An antibody Is specific to an antigen and inactivates it. |
| antigen | substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody |
| basophil | white blood cell containing granules that stain blue; associated with release of histamine and heparin |
| bilirubin | orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed |
| coagulation | blood clotting |
| colony-stimulating factor | protein that stimulates growth of white blood cells (granulocytes) |
| differentiation | change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization |
| electrophoresis | method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge |
| eosinophil | white blood cell containing granules that stain red; associated with allergic reactions |
| erythroblast | immature red blood cell |
| erythrocyte | red blood cell. There are about 5 million per microliter or cubic millimeter of blood |
| erythropoietin (EPO) | hormone secreted by the kidneys; stimulates red blood cell formation |
| fibrin | protein that forms the basis of a blood clot |
| fibrinogen | plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process |
| globulin | plasma protein; alpha, beta, and gamma (immune) globulins are examples |
| granulocyte | white blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules: eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil |
| hematopoietic stem cell | cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells |
| hemoglobin | blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells |
| heparin | anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells |
| immune reaction | response of the immune system to foreign invasion |
| immunoglobulin | protein (a globulin) with antibody activity; examples are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD. Immun/o means protection |
| leukocyte | white blood cell |
| lymphocyte | mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies |
| macrophage | monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces. As a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign material and debris. in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, macrophages dstroy worn out red blood cells |
| megakaryocyte | large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow |
| monocyte | leukocyte with one large nucleus. it is a cell that engulfs foreign material and debris. monocytes become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissues |
| mononuclear | pertaining to a cell (leukocyte) with a single round nucleus; lymphocytes and monocytes are mononuclear leukocytes |
| myeloblast | immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes |
| neutrophil | granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow. it is a phagocytic tissue-fighting cell. also called a polymorphonuclear leukocyte |
| plasma | liquid portion of blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, lipids, hormones, and vitamins |
| plasmapheresis | removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge. collected cells are retransfused back into the donor. fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasma |
| platelet | small blood fragment that collects at sites of injury to begin the clotting process |
| polymorphonuclear | pertaining to a white blood cell with a multilobed nucleus; neutrophil |
| prothrombin | plasma protein; concerted to thrombin in the clotting process |
| reticulocyte | immature erythrocyte. A network of strands is seen after staining the cell with special dyes |
| Rh factor | antigen on red blood cells of Rh-positive individuals. the factor was first identified in the blood of a rhesus monkey |
| serum | plasma minus clotting proteins and cells. clear, yellowish fluid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot. it is formed from plasms, but does not contain protein-coagulation factors |
| stem cell | unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms. A hematopoietic stem cell is the progenitor for all different types of blood cells |
| thrombin | enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation. |
| thrombocyte | platelet |
| bas/o | base (alkaline the opposite of acid) |
| chrom/o | color |
| coagul/o | clotting |
| cyt/o | cell |
| eosin/o | red, dawn, rosy |
| erythro/o | red |
| granul/o | granules |
| hem/o | blood |
| hemat/o | blood |
| hemoglobin/o | hemoglobin |
| is/o | same, equal |
| kary/o | nucleus |
| leuk/o | white |
| mon/o | one, single |
| morph/o | shape, form |
| myel/o | bone marrow |
| neutr/o | neutral (neither base nor acid) |
| nucle/o | nucleus |
| phag/o | eat, swallow |
| poikil/o | varied, irregular |
| sider/o | iron |
| spher/o | globe, round |
| thromb/o | clot |
| -apheresis | removal, a carrying away |
| -blast | immature or embryonic cell |
| -cytosis | abnormal condition of cells (increase in cells) |
| -emia | blood condition |
| -gen | giving rise to; producing |
| -globin | protein |
| -lytic | pertaining to destruction |
| -oid | derived or originating from |
| -osis | abnormal condition |
| -penia | deficiency |
| -phage | eat, swallow |
| -philia | attraction for (an increase in cell numbers) |
| -phoresis | carrying, transmission |
| -poiesis | formation |
| -stasis | stop, control |
| anemia | deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin |
| aplastic anemia | failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow |
| hemolytic anemia | reduction in red cells die to excessive destruction |
| pernicious anemia | lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream |
| sickle cell anemia | hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis |
| thalassemia | inherited disorder of abnormal hemoglobin production leading to hypochromia |
| hemochromatosis | excess iron deposits throughout the body |
| polycythemia vera | general increase in red blood cells (erythremia) |
| hemophilia | excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of factors VIII and IX necessary for blood clotting |
| purpura | multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin |
| leukemia | increase in cancerous white blood cells (leukocytes) |
| granulocytosis | abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood |
| mononucleosis | infectious disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes |
| multiple myeloma | malignant neoplasm of bone marrow |
| antiglobulin (coombs) test | test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes |
| bleeding time | time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound |
| coagulation time | time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube |
| complete blood count | determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values |
| erythrocyte sedimentation rate | speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma |
| hematocrit | percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood |
| hemoglobin test | total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood |
| platelet count | number of platelets per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood |
| prothrombin time | test for the ability of blood to clot |
| red blood cell count | number or erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood |
| red blood cell morphology | microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells |
| white blood cell count | number or leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood |
| white blood cell differential | percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood |
| apheresis | separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood |
| blood transfusion | whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient |
| bone marrow biopsy | microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle |
| hematopoietic stem cell transplantation | peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient |
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