The History of Medicine
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| Andreas Vesalius | dissected human bodies and wrote a book on human anatomy
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| William Harvey | dissected hearts; correctly understood that blood circulates in one direction
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| Karl Landsteiner | mixed blood samples and found out about the four blood groups; later used for safe blood transfusions and organ transplants
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| Wilhelm Roentgen | accidentally discover x-rays in 1895
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| Ignaz Semmelweis | discovered washing hands eliminated the spread of infections (especially child bed fever)
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| Louis Pasteur | discovered the "Germ Theory"-one microorganism causes one disease in one person; also developed some vaccines: anthrax & rabies; also began pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria
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| Edward Jenner | discovered vaccination; successfully vaccinated people for smallpox in 1796
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| Jonas Salk | discovered the polio vaccine in 1952
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| James Lind | found out putting citrus in diets can prevent Scurvy-vitamin C deficiency
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| Alexander Flemming | discovered penicillin in 1928 - the first bactericidal antibiotic
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| Howard Florey & Erns Chain | successfully extracted penicillin and used it to treat illnesses; essentially, they perfected the antibiotic
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| Gerhard Domagk | discovered prontosil inhibited growth of bacteria - it also prevented it; the first chemotherapeutic drug
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| Sir Frederick Grant Banting, Charles Best, & John James Rickard Macleod | extracted insulin & administered it to diabetics to reduce blood sugar levels
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| Michael Bishop & Harold Varmus | researched cancer; discovered oncogenes & discovered factors that can activate them
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| Luc Montagnier & Robert Gallo | discovered that HIV developed AIDS - a retrovirus lifelong disease
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| Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins | discovered vitamins prevented illness; studied on mice about nutrition & diet
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| Joseph Murray | 1st successful transplant of organs; transplanted a kidney from 1dog to another which were identical twins; following this, the development of rejection drugs showed it was possible to transport organs between non-identical relatives & from dead to living
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| Marie Curie | isolated radium in 1910
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| Gregory Mendel | established the patterns of hereditary
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| Romans | began health and sanitation systems
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| Hippocrates | the father of medicine
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| Leonardo Da Vinci | artist who used dissection to draw the human body
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| Dark Ages | emphasis was placed on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited
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| Clara Barton | founded the American Red Cross in 1881
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| Egyptians | earliest people known to maintain accurate health records
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| Chinese | used acupuncture to relieve pain and congestion
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| Robert Koch | developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens
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| Florence Nightingale | founder of modern nursing
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| Joseph Lister | began using disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery
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| Gabriel Farenheit | created the first mercury thermometer
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| Rhazes | an Arab physician who began the use of animal gut for suture material
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| What did ancient people think was the cause of disease and illness? | demons and evil spirits
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| List the four things Hippocrates stressed to help the body heal itself. | 1. a good diet 2. fresh air 3. cleanliness 4. exercise
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| What is the Rod Asclepius? | a Greek symbol associated with medicine and healing
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| In the Dark Ages, what was the main method used to treat illness and disease? | prayer
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| List four diseases that shortened the lifespan of individuals in the Middle Ages. | 1. smallpox 2. diphtheria 3. tuberculosis 4. typhoid
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| Why was dissection a major advance in health care during the Renaissance? | physicians can view the organs and the connections between the systems
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| What was the significance of the invention of the microscope in 1666? | it allowed individuals to see organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye
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| What did apothecaries use to make many of the medications in the 17th century? | plants and herbs
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| Why was the invention of the stethoscope in 1819 important? | it allowed physicians to listen to internal body sounds
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| Elizabeth Blackwell | first female physician in the United States
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| Dorothy Dix | appointed superintendent of Female Nurses in the army.
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| Bacteriostatic | An agent that causes bacteriostasis (inhibition of growth of bacteria without destruction)
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| Bacteriocidal | destroying bacteria
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| Oncogene | A gene having the potential to cause a normal cell to become cancerous
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