Chapter 1; History of Medicine; History & Trends of Health Care
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| In what ways has medicine changed over the years? | There are more technological features. More different antibiotics, medications that children can take, and inhalers.
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| How does the history of medicine influence the future? | there are more cures to diseases that were killing many people before, now.
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| Retrovirus | any of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate.
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| Bacteriostatic | a biological or chemical agent that stops bacteria from reproducing, while not necessarily killing them otherwise.
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| Oncogene | a gene that in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumor cell.
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| Andreas Yesalius | Human Anatomy: dissected bodies; wrote a book on The Structure of Human Anatomy.
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| William Harvey | Described the circulation of blood to and from the heart.
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| Karl Landsteiner | Blood variation. Developed 4 blood types; A, B, AB, and O. Made organ transplant possible using blood transfusion.
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| Dr. Horace Wells & William Morton & Crawford Long | Used Nitrious Oxide & ether for Anesthesia. Also used chloroform to help women to have a pain free childbirth.
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| William Roentgen | Discovered X-rays in 1895.
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| Ignaz Semmelweis | Solved germs in maternity by chlorid (child bed fever).
Hand washing
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| Louis Pasteur | Began pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria.
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| Edward Jenner | Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796.
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| Jonas Salk | Developed the polio vaccine in 1952.
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| James Lind | Scurvy; vitamin C deficiency (ascorbic acid)
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| Sir Alexander Fleming | Discovered penicillin in 1928
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| Howard Florey & Erns Chain | Perfected penicillian
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| Gerhard Domagk | Prontosil. Sulfa drug. Cured bacterial infection. Also used as a chemo drug.
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| Sir Frederick Grant Banting, Charles Best, John James, and Rickard Macleod | Insulin for diabetes in 1920.
Type 1- juvenile diabetes
Type 2- older people; diets or oral meds can also play a part
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| Michael Bishop, Harold Varmus | Discovered cancer causing genes.
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| Luck Montagner, Robert Gallo | Discovered aids, and HIV.
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| Carla Barton | Founded the American Red Cross in 1881.
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| Chinese | Used acupuncture to relieve pain and congestion.
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| Marie Curie | Isolated radium in 1910.
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| Leonardo da Vinci | Artist who used dissection to draw the human body.
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| Dark Ages | Emphasis was placed on saving the soul and study of medicine prohibited.
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| Egyptians | Earliest people known to maintain accurate health records.
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| Gabriel Farenhiet | Created the first mercury thermometer.
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| William Harvey | Described the circulation of blood to and from the heart.
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| Hippocrates | The father of medicine.
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| Robert Koch | Developed the culture plate method to identity pathogens.
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| Joseph Lister | Began using disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery.
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| Gregory Mendel | Established the patterns of heredity.
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| Florence Nightingale | Founder of modern nursing.
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| Rhazes | An Arab physician who began the use of animal gut for suture material.
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| Romans | Began public health and sanitation systems
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| What did ancient people think was the cause of disease and illness? | Evil Spirits, Demons, and Sin
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| List 4 things Hippocrates stressed to help the body heal itself. | Good diet, Fresh Air, Cleanliness, and Exercise.
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| What is the Rod of Asclepius? | The Greek symbol associated with medicine and healing. Was founded in ancient Greece.
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| In the Dark Ages, what was the main method used to treat illness and disease? | Prayer and divine intervention.
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| List at least four diseases that shortened the life span of individuals in the Middle Ages. | The Black Plague, Flu, Smallpox, and Polio
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| Why was dissection a major advance in health care during the Renaissance? | Doctors could now view body organs and see the connection between different systems.
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| What was the significance of the invention of the microscope in 1666 | It allowed physicians to see organisms that are too small to be seen by the human eye and could look at many of the pathogenic organisms that cause disease.
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| What did apothecaries use to make many of the medications in the 17th century? | They were made from plants and herbs similar to those used in ancient times.
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| Why was the invention of the stethoscope in 1819 important? | It was used to listen to the various sounds made by the heart and lungs.
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| Identify four women who made important contributions to the advance of health care in the 19th century. Why were their contributions important? | Rene Lannec- Stethoscope
Florence Nightingale- Founder of modern nursing
Carla Barton- Founder of the American Red Cross
Francis Clarke- Patented the first Electrical Hearing Aids
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