Duke PA pathology
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| Neoplasia | abnormal mass of tissue with excessive growth
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| Neoplasm | tumor
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| Oncology | study of tumors neoplasms
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| Benign neoplasms | verruca, nevus, uterine leiomyoma
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| Verruca | wart
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| Nevus | mole
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| uterine leiomyoma | fibroids
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| malignant neoplasms | cancers
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| Types of cancers | carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma
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| "oma" | added to cell of origin, but some exceptions
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| What are the "omas" that are malignant? | melanoma, hepatoma, lymphoma
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| Sarcoma | arising mesenchymal tissue - Greek - flesh
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| Carcinoma | arising from epithelial cells
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| Leukemia/lymphoma | arising from blood-forming cells
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| growth pattern | adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, papillary carcinoma
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| nomenclature of carcinoma | growth pattern, organ of origin
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| proliferating neoplastic cells | parenchyma
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| stroma | connective, tissue, blood vessels, inflammatory cells
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| desmoplasia | marked collagenous stromal response to a neoplasm
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| benign vs. malignant | differentiation/anaplasia, rate of growth, local invasion, distant metastases
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| differentiation | extent to which cells in neoplasm resemble normal cells in form and function
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| anaplasia | lack of differentiation, lack of features that characterize mature cell
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| How are benign neoplasms differentiated? | generally well differentiated, but abnormal mass
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| What degree of differentiation do malignant neoplasms? | some degree of anaplasia - range from well-differentiated to undifferentiated
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| What are some markers of anaplasia? | pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, increase nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
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| What are more markers of anaplasia? | prominent nucleoli, clumped chromatin, atypical mitotic figures, loss of polarity
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| How do benign tumors grow in relation to local tissue? | grow as cohesive, expansile masses that remain localized
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| What are some characteristics of benign tumors? | discrete, easily moveable, can be surgically removed, pushing, not infiltrating
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| What are characteristics of malignant tumor invasion? | demonstrate progressive infiltration, invasion and destruction of surrounding tissue
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| What are characteristics of the cancers in relation to surrounding tissue? | poorly demarcated, lack well-defined cleavage plane
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| Carcinoma in situ | displays all cytologic features of malignancy without invasion of the basement membrane
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| When does carcinoma in situ occur? | in cancers that evolve from a pre-invasive stage
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| What are some examples of carcinoma in situ? | carcinoma of the cervix, colon carcinoma
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| metastasis | defined as distant spread of tumor
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| What does metastasis tell you about malignant vs. benign? | marks a tumor as malignant - benign neoplasms do not metastasize
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| Can all malignant tumors metastasize? | most, but not all, can metastasize
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| How can distant metastases occur? | direct seeding, lymphatic spread, bloodstream spread
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| What is the most common target of metastases spreading through the bloodstream? | liver or lungs
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| When may direct seeding of cavities and surfaces occur in metastases? | when any malignant neoplasm penetrates into a cavity
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| When is direct seeding of cavities in metastasis common? | in ovarian carcinoma, spreading to the peritoneal cavity
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| What is the most common route of spread for carcinomas and some sarcomas? | lymphatic spread
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| Why does hematogenous spread usually target liver or lungs? | portal drainage to liver, vena caval drainage to lungs
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| When is hematogenous spread common? | sarcomas, but also occurs in carcinomas
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| What types of cancer tend to invade veins? | renal and hepatocellular
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| What percentage of North American adults die from cancer every year? | 25 percent
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| what is the 2nd leading cause of death? | cancer
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| What are risk factors for cancer? | age, family history, acquired pre-neoplastic disorders, geography and environment
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| Above what age do most cancers occur? | 55 years and above
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| What is the leading cause of death in children under age 15? | cancer
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| How does family history affect cancer risk? | reflects inheritance of cancer susceptibility genes
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