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teas ATI 6th edition study guide

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Question
Answer
1. the ___ system comprises the closed system of blood pumped around the body by the heart through a network of arteries, veins, and capillaries, as well as the open lymphatic system. 2. the ____ or ____ system describes the movement of blood and lymph around the body. Which permits nutrient distribution, waste removal, communication and protection.   show
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1. the right lung has __ lobes and the left lung has ___ lobes. 2. ____ the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body   show
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show 1. ventilation 2. trachea 3. tidal volume 4. residual capacity  
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1. ___ is a lipid mixture secreted by alveoli(cells) of the lungs that reduces the surface tension thus preventing the alveoli from sticking together. 2. ___ a tough, protective double membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity 3. __ the passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue   show
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1. ____ a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs, characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum, and lung infections 2. ____ a lung disease characterized by inflamed, narrowed airways and difficulty breathing.   show
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show 1. bronchioles 2. bronchi 3. alveoli 4. bronchioles  
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show 1. circulatory system 2. circulatory and respiratory  
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1. ___ divides the body horizontally creating an upper (superior) and lower (inferior) body. 2. ____ if the cut is made exactly down the midline of the body, the right and left halves of the body are equal 3. ___ divides the body lengthwise into right and left portions   show
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1. ___ means away from the center 2. ___ means that the part is located in the center 3. ____ means that the body is away from the structure of the body ex: bones 4. ___ means that a part is located on or near the surface of the body ex: skin   show
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show 1. distal 2. proximal 3. lateral 4. dorsal  
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show 1. ventral 2. inferior 3. anatomical position 4. superior  
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1. the middle of the body or towards the belly button is called 2. the back of the body or back surface is called 3. the front of the body is called 4. sagittal or median indicates ___ and ____   show
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1. transverse or cross-sectional plane indications ___ and ___ 2. coronal and frontal plane indicate __ and __ 3. ____ Planes dividing the body to describe locations: sagittal, coronal, and transverse.   show
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show 1. bones 2. brain 3. kidney  
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1. ____ cells have large numbers of mitochondria to provide energy for movement. 2. ____ that secrete proteins have a large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus,   show
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show 1. nucleus 2. mitochondria 3. ribosomes  
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1. organs that work together are called ____ 2. Tissues are collected into ______, which carry out a single task, such as oxygenating blood (lungs) or filtering out wastes (kidneys). 3. Cells with the same function are collected into larger groups called _____   show
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1. ____ perform tasks including obtaining energy from food and reproduction. 2. ___ the basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created.   show
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show 1. medulla oblongata and pons 2. cardiovascular system  
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1. the closed ____ system is a double looped system consisting of thick walled arteries that transport blood away from the heart, thinner-walled veins that transport blood to the heart, and capillaries made of a single layer endothelium that form a network. 2. the closed double-loop system transports ____ 3. the pulmonary loop carries ___ from the ____ ventricle of the hear to the lungs where it is ___ and returns the blood to the left atrium.   show
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show 1. contraction 2. relaxation  
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show 1. lub 2. dub  
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show 1. pacemaker, sinoatrial node 2. atrial, semilunar, falling back, dub  
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show 1. blood plasma 2. red blood cells 3. carbon dioxide  
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1. ___ blood vessels that deliver (carry away) blood from the heart into other parts of the body 2. ____ small blood vessels that walls are only one cell thick, and connect arterioles to venules. they exchange gases and nutrients.   show
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show 1. diastole 2. systole  
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1. ___ the muscle that pumps blood throughout the body 2. ___ blood vessels that carry blood to the heart   show
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1. ____ white blood cells which protect the body against disease/ pathogens 2. ____ clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease and it is filtered through hundreds of small organs. 3. ___ a subtype of white blood cell found in lymph   show
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___ the pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, white cells, and platelets throughout the body. (liquid)   show
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1. ____ of proteins is initiated in the stomach by the action of the enzyme pepsin, 2. There are three main secretions of the stomach: pepsinogen (____ cells), mucus (_____ cells), and hydrochloric acid (_____ cells).   show
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1. contents (now called chime) pass through the pyloric sphincter into the ______, which is the first part of the small intestine. 2. In the duodenum, chyme is neutralized by _____ in pancreatic secretions. 3. The duodenum receives______ juices from the _______, which helps neutralize acid chyme. 4._____ The opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled.   show
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show bolus 2. chyme 3. enzymatic digestion  
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1. ___ The organ that stores bile. 2. ____ Also known as the colon, where vitamins and water are absorbed before feces is stored prior to elimination. 3. ____ The organ that produces bile, regulates glycogen storage, and performs other bodily functions.   show
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1. ___ The oral/ digestive system cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal. 2. ____ The gland of the digestive and endocrine systems that produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juices. 3. _____ The organ between the esophagus and small intestine in which the major portion of digestion occurs.   show
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1. ____ The clear liquid (amylase and lipase) found in the mouth, also known as spit. 2. _____ A series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract. 3. ____ The part of the GI tract between the stomach and large intestine that includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, where digestion and absorption of food occurs 4. ____ The last section of the large intestine, ending with the anus.   show
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1. Salivary amylase, salivary lipase are produced in which organ? 2. Gastric lipase, pepsin(ogen), HCl are produced in which organ 3. Bile (stored in gall bladder) is produced in which organ   show
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show 1. pancreas 2. small intestine 3. stomach  
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1. Secretin, somatostatin, insulin, glucagon are major hormones of 2. Cholecystokinin, somatostatin, secretin, motilin are major hormones of   show
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show neuromuscular system  
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show 1. nerves 2. sensory/ afferent 3. motor/ efferent 4. synapse  
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show 1. autonomic/ involuntary 2. voluntary 3. autonomic nervous system  
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show 1. actin, myosin 2. axon 3. nerve  
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show 1. contracting 2. contraction 3. involuntary  
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show 1. muscle 2. reflex 3. relaxation 4. voluntary  
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show 1. sperm 2. penis 3. prostate  
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show 1. estrogen 2. ovary 3. fallopian tubes 4. cervix  
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1. ___ The pouch of skin that contains the testicles 2. ____ The organs that produce sperm; also called testes. 3. ______ The hormone that stimulates male secondary sexual characteristics.   show
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1. ___ The tube that connects the bladder to the exterior of the female body. 2. ___ also known as the womb 3. ____ The tube that connects the external genitals to the cervix, which is the opening to the uterus.   show
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1. ____ The duct in which sperm moves from a testicle to the urethra. 2. the ___ is the primary external sexual organ of the male 3. gonads=   show
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the ___ system contains organs and glands that do these two things.   show
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1. ___ is the largest organ? 2. epidermis is the skin 3. dermis is the skin 4. subcutaneous or hypodermis is the skin   show
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show 1. D 2. skin 3. sweat  
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1, ___ to become narrower 2. ___ to become wider 3. ___ elimination of metabolic waste from the body   show
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show 1. gland 2. gall bladder 3. integumentary system  
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show 1. endocrine 2. endocrine 3. chemical messengers  
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show 1. insulin 2. endocrine 3. pancreas  
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show 1. endocrine system 2. water 3. adrenal  
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show 1. hormone 2, parathyroid 3. pineal gland  
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show 1. pituitary 2. thyroid gland 3. pituitary gland  
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show 1. thymus 2. t-cells 3. thymus  
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1. ____ is a necessary function for salt and water homeostasis and getting rid of wastes. 2. The organs in the _____ system, or urogenital, system function in the excretory process. 3. kidneys make __ and filter ___   show
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1. urine travels through the ____ to the bladder 2. Kidneys also stabilize ___ and maintain ___ it also produces the active form of ____. 3. The functional unit of the Kidney is the ____ it is responsible for filtering and reabsorbing various molecules   show
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1. ___ play a vital role in maintaining blood and blood pressure. 2. The kidneys also produce_____, a hormone that regulates blood pressure by retaining or removing water and salt. 3. ____ The duct that conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder.   show
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show 1. cardiovascular system 2. veins 3. lymph, cleaned  
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show 1. kidneys 2. renal arteries 3. renal vein  
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show 1. renal cortex 2. renal medulla 3. renal pelvis  
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1. ____ The main nitrogenous part of urine. 2. ____ The duct that conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder. 3. ____ The structure that stores urine in the body until elimination. 4. ____ Liquid waste matter excreted by the kidneys.   show
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show 1. immune system 2. adaptive immune system 3. innate and adaptive  
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1. The _____ protects the body from disease-causing agents. 2. These are all examples of Skin, Hair, Mucus, Earwax, Secretions (acid, salt, enzymes), Normal flora. Antimicrobials, Inflammation, Interferons. Complement. NK lymphocytes, Phagocytes (including APC) 3. the innate immune system is   show
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show 1. adaptive immune system 2. specific antigens 3. adaptive  
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show 1. antibody 2. antigen 3. antigen presenting cell  
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1. ____ A substance that kills or inhibits growth of micro-organisms with minimal damage to the host. 2. ___ Cells that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens. 3. ____ and ______ cells respond to conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)   show
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show 1. toll like receptors 2. antigen presentation 3. adaptive  
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show 1. natural killer (nk) 2. pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) 3. toll-like receptors, antigen  
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1. The ______ system responds by remembering signature molecules, called antigens, from pathogens to which the body has previously been exposed. 2. The adaptive immune system’s functional cells are lymphocytes called____-cells and ___-cells. 3. When a ____ T-cell encounters a cytotoxic T-cell that recognizes the same antigen, it produces ____ that activate the ____ T-cell.   show
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show 1. B 2. plasma cells, antibody 3. memory  
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1. Overactive immune systems can target innocuous foreign particles like pollen, causing the body to go into overdrive by producing huge amounts of IgE that trigger histamine release from mast cells, causing _____ with sneezing and mucus secretion. 2. Alternately, the immune system can mistakenly target a host molecule as a foreign antigen, leading to ______   show
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1. ____ A divider between parts of the body. 2. ____ The group of proteins in blood serum and plasma that works with antibodies to destroy particulate antigens. 3. ___ Antigen-presenting cells that process antigen material and present it to T-cells.   show
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show 1. immunoglobulin 2, innate 3. macrophage  
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1. _____ A lymphocyte that responds to an antigen upon reintroduction 2. ______ Ingestion of particles by a cell or phagocyte. 3. ____ A white blood cell that produces a single type of antibody.   show
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show 1. T-cell 2. skeletal system 3. tissue  
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show 1. bone 2. canaliculi 3. haversian canal  
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show 1. brittle bone disease 2. osteoarthritis  
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show 1. cartilage 2. collagen 3. lining cells  
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show 1. iamellae 2. periosteum 3. osteon  
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show 1. osteoblasts 2. osteoclasts 3. osteocytes  
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show 1. long bones 2. short bones 3. flat bones  
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show 1. long bones 2. irregular bones  
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1. humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, and fibula are examples of ___ 2. The bones of the toes (metatarsals) and collarbone (clavicle) are ____ 3. scapula, ribs, and sternum are examples of ___   show
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1. Typically, bones are articulated to other bones through ____and to muscle through ____. 2. The articulating surfaces of bones are covered in _____ which prevents them from grinding against each other. 3. Bone is covered by a fibrous sheath called the   show
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show 1. osteons 2. Volkmann canal 3. medullary cavity  
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show 1. osteoporosis 2. rheumatoid arthritis 3. brittle bone, collagen matrix  
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show 1. antibody-mediated 2. second, innate  
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show 1. sinoatrial 2. purkinje 3. systole  
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1. A _____ (a heart attack) occurs when the cardiac muscle dies as a result of blood flow blockage to that tissue. 2. epinephrine also known as adrenal regulates __ and __ 3. the heartbeat is also known as the ____ cycle   show
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1. ___ of the small intestine provide a greater nutrient-absorbing surface area. When they are damaged the nutrient-absorbing surface area is _____ 2. The small intestine is divided into three major regions and they are ___, ___ and ___. 3. after the stomach the food (chyme) is pushed into the ___   show
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1. The _____ is a section of the brain that serves as an integration center between the endocrine and nervous systems. 2. ___ a bundle of nerve fibers that transmits electrical impulses towards and away from the brain and spinal cord. 3. melatonin is a hormone that plays a role in maintaining circadian rhythms is produced by the ___ in the center of the brain.   show
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show 1. Vitamin D 2. normal bacterial floral 3. melanin  
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1. ____ liberate calcium from bone-bound reserves. this mineral resorption removes calcium from bone so it can enter the bloodstream 2. _____ secretions allow mineralization in bones that is inhibited elsewhere in the body. 3. ___ are star-shaped cells that maintain bone and are able to sense physical stress. 4. ___ is a type of bone having fewer osteons and, therefore, lighter than compact (dense) bone, it is a site of red bone marrow   show
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1. ___ are the structures in cells where proteins are made 2. _____ fibrous protein found in cell membranes 3. _____-involved in protein production and secretion   show
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show 1. Emphysema 2. tuberculosis 3. pneumonia  
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1. the ___ lining is the normal site for implantation of a zygote. 2. baby is considered full term at 3. the ___ allows the fetus and parent blood supplies to network.   show
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1. ___ is the movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries to the renal tubule. therefore, this is the opposite of re-absorption. 2. ___ returns substances from the renal tubule to peritubular capillaries. 3. ____ is a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that increases reabsorption of sodium ions   show
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1. the ___ controls balance and equilibrium 2. the ___ consists of four lobes that control various functions, which do not include balance and equilibrium. 3. the ____ lobe is the part of the cerebrum that controls processes such as language and sensory information 4. the ___ lobe is the part of the cerebrum that controls vision.   show
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1. _____ is a signal traveling through a chain of neurons, rather than along a single neuron. 2. ___ describes one way to create an action potential, rather than describing an action potential jumping from node to node in an axon. 3. ___ conduction is the process by which an action potential jumps from node to node on a myelinated axon   show
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1. ___ refers to passing an electrical impulse from on nerve to another, rather than the conduction of an action potential along one nerve 2. ___ tissue moves the body and its contents by contraction 3. __ tissue receives stimuli from the internal or external environment and communicates through electrical impulses with the rest of the body.   show
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1. They're four basic types of tissues and they are 2. ___ tissue covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and serves as a protective barrier. 3. ___ tissue connects other tissues to each other and serves to bind and support body parts.   show
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1. the kidney main function is to ___ and filter ___ from blood. 2. the primary organ of the urinary system is the 3. The kidney includes structures where ___ is filtered, locations where filtered material can be reabsorbed by blood, and places where what is not reabsorbed collects as ____   show
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show 1. CO2 for O2 2. ventilation 3. pharynx  
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show 1. cranium 2. sutures  
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show 1. upper respiratory tract 2. lower respiratory tract 3. trachea  
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1. a flap called the ____ covers the opening of the glottis during swallowing to prevent food and liquids from entering the lungs 2. the ___ is the passageway for air through the vocal chords and leads to the larynx, commonly called the voice box. 3. the _____ splits into two main branches that enter the lungs as right and left primary bronchi.   show
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1. ___ is produced in the larynx when air from the lungs is forced against the vocal chords 2. The ___ begins the lower respiratory tract. 3, the walls of the alveoli are single layer of ___ tissue, which allows for the simple diffusion of gases in and out.   show
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show 1. capillaries, epithelial 2. red blood cells 3. carbon dioxide  
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1. increasing levels of C02 causes an increase in ___ ions, which makes the blood more acidic. 2. The ___ is the amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration or deep breath. 3. the ___ is the amount of gas that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration, as in exhaling after a deep breath.   show
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1. the vital capacity plus the residual volume is equal to the total 2. water in the lungs causes and increase in surface tension making the water "sticky" in the alveoli which causes both sides of the alveoli to stick together causing collapse of the lungs, known as 3. lung compliance depends on two characteristics the __ of lung tissue and the ___ surface tension   show
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show 1. compliance 2. cystic fibrosis 3. high altitudes  
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1. the ____ is made up of four main components: the heart, blood vessels, blood, and lymphatic system. 2. The ___ is a large muscular organ comprised of cardiac tissue called __ and is surrounded by a sac called the ____. 3. the heart contains four chambers divided by a _____.   show
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1. The two ___ are the receiving chambers (heart) and the two ____ are the pumping chambers. 2. the atria and ventricle are separated by the _____ valves. 3. The right side of the heart pumps _____ from the heart towards the lungs and is called the ____ system.   show
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1. the left side/ ventricle of the heart receives ___ from the lungs and pumps it toward the rest of the body parts and is known as the ____ system. 2.The blood pumped by the heart travels through the extensive ___ of the ___. 3. ___ have a thick layer of smooth muscle in their walls to withstand the pressure of the forceful heartbeat.   show
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show 1. veins 2. veins 3. red blood cells, hemoglobin  
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1. the ____ is a straw-colored liquid that contains water, immune proteins, and other nutrients. 2. red blood cells are called 3. white blood cells are called   show
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1. The ____ function in the immune response and defend the body against disease. 2. the ____ are responsible for the clotting mechanism 3. Like veins, ____ vessels are thin-walled and contain one-way valves to maintain flow in one direction only.   show
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1. ____ are entwined with cardiovascular capillaries and absorb excess tissue fluid and blood plasma that leaks from the capillaries. 2. ___ seek put pathogens in the fluid and makes antibodies, which target the pathogens so that other cells can destroy them. 3. the filtered ___ fluid is essentially ___ blood plasma and is returned to the cardiovascular system via the veins.   show
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1. the heartbeat begins with the triggering of an impulse within the ____, known as the ____, which is located in the upper wall of the right atrium. 2. the impulse for the heartbeat spreads from __ to ___ atria. 3. when the impulse reaches the ____ , also in the right atrial wall, and travels along the atrioventricular bundle down the right and left branches in the septum and finally along the ___ in the walls of the ventricle, causing the filled ventricles to contract.   show
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show 1. epinephrine and norepinephrine. 2. superior and inferior vena cava  
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show 1. AV (tricuspid) valve, right ventricle 2. pulmonary semilunar valve  
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1. oxygenated blood from the lungs travels via the ___ into he left atrium. 2. The systemic system carries oxygenated blood when the left atrium contracts forcing blood through the left ___ into the left ventricle. 3. Contraction of the left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic ___ through the __ towards the rest of the body.   show
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1. blood pressure is measured in 2. blood pressure is expressed as __ over ___ pressure. 3. normal/ average bp is 4. high blood pressure also known as _____ can cause rupture of the smaller arterioles and capillaries possibly leading to a stroke.   show
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1. _____ is a buildup of plaque in blood vessels that reduces the flow of blood through the vessel. 2. When a piece of plaque breaks off, it can travel to smaller vessels, causing a ___ 3. a piece of plaque or clotted blood traveling through vessels is known as an ___   show
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1. a _____ occurs when the normal blood flow to the brain is stopped wither by a blockage or by a rupture of a blood vessel, causing death of brain tissue. 2. a ___ or _____, occurs when the flow of blood to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, causing cardiac muscle tissue to die   show
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1. the gastrointestinal system is also referred to as the 2. in the GI tract glands perform both 3. Blood vessels in the GI tract absorb the digested   show
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1. the smooth muscle in the GI tract in under _____ control it involved in digestion and movement of food. 2. The digestive system function to break down ___ into small nutrient molecules that are then absorbed into the ___ system and distributed to the __ of the tissues throughout the body. 3. The digestive system also ___ and ___ undigested waste.   show
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show 1. ingestion (intake of food) 2. digestion (mechanical and chemical breakdown) 3. movement (move food through Gi tract) 4. absorption (nutrients into tissue cells) 5. elimination (undigested waste)  
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1. Movement of the food through the GI tract through ___. 2. Food enters the system through the ___, where three pairs of salivary glands secrete ___ that contains ____. 3. ____ the oral cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal.   show
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1. ___ the clear liquid found in the mouth, also known as spit 2. amylase is an __ that begins ___ digestion in the mouth. 3. The teeth being the mechanical breakdown of food by ____and mixing it with the __ and ____.   show
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1. chewing technical term is 2. The tongue forms a ___ and moves it towards the ___. 3. ___ a mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed   show
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show 1. pharynx, mouth, esophagus 2. food and air 3. bolus, epiglottis, trachea, esophagus.  
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show 1. deglutination 2. esophagus, involuntary smooth muscle contraction, peristalsis 3. sphincter, esophagus, stomach.  
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show 1. sphincter, stomach acid 2. gastric reflux 3. rugae, 1 liter  
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1. ___ the organ between the esophagus and small intestine in which the major portion of digestion occurs. 2. The mechanical mixing action of the stomach mixes the __ of food with __ to form partially digested liquid called _____. 3. __ the semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine   show
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1. Gastric juice is a mixture of __, __, and ___ secreted by the various __ of the stomach. 2. The chief cells secrete ___ and ____.   show
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1. ____ an inactive form of pepsin used in protein 2. ___ which lipase digests fats 3. The ___ cells secret hydrochloric acid.   show
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show 1. hydrochloric acid 2. goblet 3. hormones  
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1. the hormone ____ acts to stimulate the secretion of the gastric juices. 2. The hormone ___ stimulates the appetite and promotes storage of fats.   show
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1. The stomach performs several functions it stores food ___, continues the processes of __ and ___ (enzymatic) digestion, and controls the movement of ___ into the duodenum of the small intestine. 2. The small intestine is approximately ____ in length and has a large surface area created by repeated ___ within its walls. Which enhances __ and ____.   show
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1. The ____ is the short section attached to the pyloric sphincter of the stomach. 2. As chyme leaves the stomach, it is acted upon by enzymes from the __, ___ and ____. 3. The ___ produces alkaline bile secreted via the gall bladder to aid in the emulsification and breakdown of ___.   show
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show pancreas, water, salts, bicarbonate, and enzymes.  
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show bicarbonate, enzymatic, lipase, amylase, trypsin, duodenum  
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1. The pancreas secretes the hormones __ and __ for the control of blood glucose levels.   show
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1. The pancreas also absorbs the nutrients including __ occurs in the multiple folds (___ and ___) of the _ and __ as the chyme is pushed through via ____.   show
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1. From the ___, blood carrying nutrients passes to the liver through the ___ portal duct, allowing the liver to metabolize consumed __ and store glucose as ___.   show
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show 1. ileum, cecum 2. cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.  
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show 1. appendix, immune system. 2.ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid. 3. water  
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1. ___ in the colon metabolize the fecal matter via ___ and produces vitamins, such as vitamin __ to be absorbed. 2. Fecal waste accumulates and is stored in the __ until it is ejected through the anus by defecation. 3. ___ the opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled.   show
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show 1. rectum 2. large intestine  
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1. The neuromuscular system incorporates the __ and the ___ system. 2. The coordination of the nervous and muscular systems controls and affects every part o the body in ____ functions and in the constant drive to maintain _____. 3. The function of the nervous system is to gather information from the __ and ___ environment and communicate any necessary changes to the muscular system.   show
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show 1. cells 2. distinctive, neurons, electrical 3. muscle  
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1. ___ Fibrous tissue that producaes force and motion to move the body or produce movement in parts of the body 2. ____ cells carry out their function via their distinguishing ability to ___.   show
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show 1. central nervous system (CNS), and the Peripheral nervous system (PNS) 2. brain and spinal cord 3. internal and external  
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show 1. Peripheral nervous system. 2. spinal nerves, brain, motor, or efferent 3. somatic  
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show 1. CNS, homeostatic, muscle 2. somatic  
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show 1. somatic and autonomic 2. autonomic or visceral  
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1. Once we have chewed and swallowed using the ____ _____pathway of our neuromuscular system, we then turn control over to the ___ __ pathway for digestion. 2. The information gathered, processed, and passed to muscles travels as electrical impulses of the nervous system along specialized cells called ____   show
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show 1. digestion, digestion 2. cell body, nerve fibers  
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show 1. dendrites and axons 2. axon 3. dendrites  
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1. All nerve impulses travel in this __ direction. 2. all nerve impulses travel in this one-way direction: from __ to the ___ and then down the ____. 3. A stimulus is picked up at the ___ and sent through the cell body along the __ to the terminal branches.   show
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show 1. axon, synapse 2. synapse 3. sensory  
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show 1. synapse 2. spinal nerves 3. efferent  
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1. __ are fibrous tissue with the unique ability to shorten or contract to move body parts and then to relax back to their original length. 2. While nerves are bundles of fibers, a muscle, like your bicep, consists of bundles of ___ or ____. 3. The muscle fibers in turn contain countless smaller ___ made of ___ units, each containing long strands of proteins called __ and ___.   show
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1. ____ are bundled in a similar fashion as nerves. 2. The myofibrils have two types of contractile protein filaments: the thinner __ and thicker ____. 3. These contractile protein filaments for muscles are arranged in overlapping ___.   show
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1. A ___ is the repeating contractile unit of a ___ muscle and is delineated by these bands of myosin and actin filaments. 2. ___ means contracting unit of a muscle 3. When the axon terminal secretes the chemical neurotransmitter at the ___ of a neuromuscular junction, it stimulates the muscle to contract.   show
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show 1. contraction 2. sarcomere 3. ATP, relaxation  
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1. Many muscle fibers must contract in a unified pattern to cause a ____ for movement of a body part. 2. Each ___ supplies signals to several up to hundreds of muscle fibers. 3. In the ____ system, the fine motor control used in hand and eye muscles requires connections of __ to __ muscle fibers per neuron.   show
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show 1. 1,000 2. autonomic, visceral 3. either or both  
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1. the heartbeat, the mechanical propulsion and breakdown of food are examples of neuromuscular control by the ___ 2. __ response to nerve impulse can be affected by an injury to the muscle and/or its supporting ligaments and tendons. 3. a ___ comprises the stretching or tearing of the muscle and a sprain is an injury to the accompanying support ligaments and tendons of a muscle.   show
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show 1. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Lou Gehrig disease 2. motor, voluntary 3. Muscular dystrophy, proteins  
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1. Whiles the nerves are not affected in muscular dystrophy, muscles progressively __ and weaken 2. Unlike ALS with muscular dystrophy both ___ and __ muscles are compromised. 3. ___ cells for ex are muscle, bone and skin. when new cells are needed they go through __ cellular division.   show
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show 1. gametes 2. zygote 3. scrotum  
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1. the sac holds the sperm outside of the body which helps regulate the __ necessary fr the sperm to mature 2. the sperm mature in the ____, which is a tightly coiled tube on the back of each testis. 3. during sexual arousal mature sperm are transported from the ___ through the duct system of the ___. From there they pass through the __ gland where the nutrients and lubricating fluids are added.   show
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1. At orgasm, semen is expelled from the urethra of the penis by the _____ contractions of ejaculation. 2. at the onset of puberty the pituitary gland secretes ___ and ___. 3. In a male the Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) promotes the production of ___ and Luteinizing hormone (LH) controls the production of the ____   show
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1. FSH promotes the appearance of __ in females. 2.periods are approx every ___ 3. the ___ in the ovary matures and releases an egg that then travels down the fallopian tubes to the uterus.   show
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show 1. follicle 2. ovulation 3. progesterone  
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show 1. skin 2. glands, hair, nails 3. epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.  
🗑
1. The epidermis consists of ___ stratified __ epithelial tissue 2. __ migrate from the deeper region to the exterior surface of the __ as they age. during this time, they become more __, slough off, and are replaced by younger __.   show
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1. around ___, the tubes from which hair grows, the epidermis dips down into the middle layer called the ___. 2. The histology of the dermis is ___ tissue rather than epithelial tissue. 3. Typical of these two kinds of tissues, the epidermis is ___, while the dermis contains __ and ___.   show
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1. avascular means 2. Another name for the dermis is the ____ layer. 3. __ and ___ layer is used to refer to the deepest layer of the skin,   show
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1. The two major types of hypodermis tissue are both of the ____: which are __ and ___ tissue. 2. Within the loose connective category the hypodermis is highly ___ and below the hypodermis is the ___ layer.   show
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show 1. epithelial, sebaceous 2. sebum, keratin  
🗑
show 1. ceruminous 2. apocrine sweat gland. 3. sweat  
🗑
1. Sebum from ___ glands combines with dead epithelial cells to form cerumen, more commonly known as ear wax. 2. ___ sweat has a higher concentration of fatty acids than other sweat. As a result, when bacteria use ___ sweat components as nutrients they quickly change its odor to one of rancid ___ a body odor that is found disagreeable to most people.   show
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1. Sweat produced by ____ sweat glands ( also known as ___ sweat glands) has a different composition. 2. The main role of eccrine sweat is _____. Therefore, in contrast to apocrine sweat glands, eccrine sweat glands are found throughout the dermis of the human body.   show
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show 1. eccrine, epidermis 2. perspiration and diameter changes of blood vessels 3. hypothalamus and skin  
🗑
the primary six functions of the integumentary system.   show
🗑
show 1. hypothalamus, hypothalamus, cutaneous vasodilation 2. diameter  
🗑
1. If ______ is not sufficient to lower body temp into a ____ range, the ____ stimulates ___ production. 2. As the perspiration on the surface of the skin dries, it lowers body temperature through ___ cooling. 3. Shivering is a response caused by the ___ when the body is below its ___ temperature. These fast alternating contractions of muscle occur below the skin.   show
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1. Within the skin, ___ muscles tense with chilling temperature and cause hair to bristle. 2. The contraction of these cutaneous smooth muscles generate ___, which is trapped within the insulated airspace created when hair "stands on end". 3. The practical effect of ____ on heat generation and retention is minimal for humans compared to other mammals. A more effective means of retaining heat is triggered when the hypothalamus causes ___ in the skin.   show
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show 1. cutaneous vasoconstriction 2. innate immune system 3. pathogens, pathogenic  
🗑
show 1. sebum and keratin, keratinocytes, 2. lactic and fatty acids  
🗑
1. sweat also contains ___ substances. 2. Another way that the integumentary protects the body is by serving as a large surface area for __ of waste material such as mineral __ and __. Lastly the skin shields deeper tissue from a portion of the harmful ___ from the sun.   show
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show 1. pressure, heat, and pain 2. endocrine, circulatory  
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show 1. hormones 2. epinephrine  
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show 1. hormone 2. pancreas  
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1. However ___ remain in the blood stream after a neuron's signal has ended. 2. one endocrine role of the pancreas is to release __, a hormone that triggers the uptake of glucose into cells thus lowering blood glucose levels. 3. The same cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin also detect levels of ___.   show
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show 1. Beta. Alpha 2. diabetes 3. hypothalamus  
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show 1. alpha, glucagon, glucose 2. negative feedback, homeostatic  
🗑
show 1. diabetes 2. hypothalamus, hormones, pituitary 3. hormone, hypothalamus  
🗑
1. Thyroid hormone's release from the thyroid gland is initiated by an anterior pituitary secretion called ___ (TSH). 2. The release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is triggered by the presence of ____ secreted by the hypothalamus.   show
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show 1. TSH and TRH 2. hyperthyroidism 3. positive feedback  
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show 1. eggs, sperm 2. cholesterol 3. manubrium  
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1. the _____ is a small grouping of usually four bean-shaped endocrine glands on the dorsal aspect of the thyroid gland. 2. The ___ secretes __ when plasma calcium levels are low (__). 3. the ___ plays a role in the regulation of plasma calcium levels.   show
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1. Parathyroid hormone indirectly activates ___ causing the reorportion of calcium from bones. This hormone also works in the excretory system to increase plasma calcium levels by inhibiting the __ ability to transfer calcium ions to urine. 2. In addition to blood vessels that bring blood to and from the kidney, a system of __ allows for collection and re absorption of filtrate, the collection of urine from the kidneys, urine storage, and its excretion.   show
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show 1. nephrons, renal cortex, renal medulla. 2. glomerulus 3. filtrate  
🗑
1. the ___ is a network of capillaries where blood pressure pushes water, salt, glucose, amino acids, and urea from the blood. 2. ___ is collected by the bowman's capsule, which surrounds the glomerulus. From the _____ capsule, filtrate moves into a highly convoluted tubule before dipping down into the level of the kidney's medulla.   show
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1. ___ a cup like structure that surrounds and collects filtrate from the glomerulus 2. ____ the first location where glucose and other useful solutes are reabsorbed back into the blood through the walls of surrounding capillaries. it connects the bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle.   show
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1. After the ___ dips down into the renal medulla, the remaining filtrate flows through the switch back bend of the loop of Henle, then continues back into the ___ through the distal tubule. 2. the loop of henle and distal tubule are also sites of ___, movement of useful material from filtrate back into the bloodstream. 3. During tubular re absorption, ___ pressure causes more than 80% of the water in filtrate to return to the blood plasma.   show
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1. water is reabsorbed from filtrate that has continued from the distal tubule into the _____. 2. In the renal __, distal ___ from numerous nephrons empty into each collecting duct. 3. As the collecting ducts transport the contained liquid on its second journey through the ___, the remaining filtrate has its final opportunity for water reabsorption. Here the filtrate becomes more concentrated as ___   show
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show 1. renal pelvis, ureter, 2. urinary bladder, 400-800 3. central nervous system, autonomic,  
🗑
1. a ___ controlled external sphincter in the urinary bladder opens during urination, allowing urine to flow into the ____. 2. The ___ carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. in males the urethra passes through the ___. Females have a much __ urethra. 3. The influence on fluid balance by the kidneys affects the __ volume in the cardiovascular system, resulting in changes in blood __ and ____   show
🗑
the kidneys have three major functions and they are   show
🗑
show 1. renal artery, renal vein 2. water balance 3. solutes and osmosis  
🗑
show 1. glomerulus, systemic blood pressure. 2. solutes and water, waste-laden  
🗑
1. waste removed from the blood by the kidneys includes excess __ and ___. Also excreted are cellular ___ and substances acquired from the environment that have the potential to poison the body. 2. Three metabolic byproducts of the kidneys that must be kept at low levels in the blood are ____ wastes: __, __, and ___. 3. Hormones, drugs, excess hydrogen ions and some toxins acquired from the environment are also removed from our blood by the ___. Then, they are eliminated from our body through ___.   show
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show 1. sodium chloride (NaCl), chloride ions 2. osmotic pressure, osmotic pressure, where sodium goes, water follows.  
🗑
1. Blood is the vehicle that carries ___ and ___ water to our kidneys. 2. Because ______ causes reduced blood volume, it lowers ______ as a result. Conversely if more than enough water is taken into body, ___ (and blood pressure) rises until mechanisms are engage to bring water levels closer to a ___ range.   show
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show 1. water reabsorption, dilute 2. homeostatic, blood pressure 3. blood volume, renal  
🗑
1. In the ____-___-____ system, low blood pressure causes an increase in water reabsorption along with other mechanisms that raise blood pressure. 2. ____ is an enzyme released by the kidneys when reduced blood pressure is detected by baroreceptors in the __ and __ arteries. 3. The lungs and kidneys produce an enzyme that converts angiotension l to ____.   show
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show 1. angiotensin l 2. angiotensin ll 3. chloride ions and water  
🗑
show 1. diuretic 2. antidiuretic hormone 3. aldosterone and antidiuretic  
🗑
1. The immune system responds to substances on the surfaces of agents that the body perceives as foreign these substances are called _____. 2. ___ serve as identification badges that allow the immune system to detect agents that are genuinely dangerous to the body what are known as _____. 3. ____ are the immune systems response to foreign agents that are not pathogens. If the immune system mistakes part of the body as a pathogen, the resulting pathology is considered an _____.   show
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1. ___ an immune response to a foreign agent that is not a pathogen 2. ___ a pathology that results from the immune system mistaking part of the body as a pathogen 3. other incompatibilities generated by the immune system are responsible for __ and __ rejection.   show
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1. ___ a collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular responses that serve an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens 2. ____ microscopic organisms that live in or on the human body without causing it harm 3. ___ a substance that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms with minimal damage to the host   show
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1. in case of laceration, bacteria and viruses entering through the cute will encounter specific kinds of white blood cells that ingest pathogens by ____. 2. One type of large phagocytic white blood cell is the ____ 3. After consuming the pathogen, the _____ is able to put parts of the ingested antigens on its cell membrane to alert patrolling ____   show
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show 1. antigen-presenting cell, dendritic cells, b cells 2. cytokines 3. histamine  
🗑
1. ____ cell signaling molecules released primarily by helper t cells and macrophages. certain cytokines activate cytotoxic t cells 2. The effects of histamine make it easier for more white blood cells to leak from ____ into the area in need of defense. 3. ___ is the resulting redness, swelling, heat, and pain in an area of defense by innate immunity.   show
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show 1. interferons 2. innate 3. adaptive immune system  
🗑
1. ____ develops specific defenses to particular antigens. Because each defense is unique, adaptive deals with perceived pathogens at a _____. 2. One the defense is created in adaptive immune system a ___ of that defense is able to trigger a fast response when the antigen is present again. 3. lymphocytes are a category of white blood cells that include ____, ___, ___, and what t cells become.   show
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1. in the presence of an antigen, the mature t-cells become activated into ___, ___, and ___. 2. ____ secrete interleukins, chemical messengers that trigger the action of other cells. one of these actions is the attack of foreign cells by the ___ 3. T-cells that become ___ respond so quickly to an antigen upon re-exposure that the body is immune to developing symptoms from the associated pathogen the second time.   show
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show 1. cell-mediated immunity, t lymphocytes 2. b-cells, bone marrow, 3. plasma cells  
🗑
1. ___ also called ___ are blood proteins that have a variable region that fits a specific antigen. These antibodies tag pathogens for later destruction. This kind of adaptive immunity is called ____ also known as ____. 2. temporary ___ can be gained naturally through the ___ or __ or artificially by receiving a serum containing antibodies. 3. ___ is protection against a specific pathogen resulting from the body's production of antibodies in response to the presence of its ___.   show
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show 1, antibody, vaccine, 2. bone 3. osteocytes, physical stresses  
🗑
1. ___ performed by _____ removes calcium from bone so it can enter the blood stream. 2. ____ use calcium to communicate with each other and rely upon its presence in extracellular fluid for normal ___ inhibition 3. sufficient deficits in plasma calcium (___) causes tetany, an ___ and continuous contraction of skeletal muscle.   show
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1. blood clotting and other vital metabolic reactions require ____ 2. ___ a disease that causes brittle fragile bones 3. ____ liberate calcium from bone-bound reserves. When too much calcium is depleted from bone, ___ results: bones porous of mineral that are weak and brittle.   show
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1. Osteoblast secretions allow ___ in bones, a process that is inhibited elsewhere in the body. This mineral deposition is in the form of ___ (a calcium phosphate salt) 2. ____ produce a highly organized _____ to which extracellular hydroxyapatite binds. 3. ___ tough flexible connective tissue found in parts of the body such as the ear.   show
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show 1. protein 2. brittle bone disease, osteogenesis imperfecta 3. mineral-laden collagen matrix, lamellae  
🗑
show 1. pockets, lacunae 2. lacunae, canaliculi 3. osteon  
🗑
show 1. central Haversian canals, perforating (Volkmann's) canals 2. compact (dense), spongy 3. spongy, bone marrow  
🗑
show 1. red bone marrow 2. yellow bone marrow, adipose 3. femur, yellow  
🗑
show 1. leverage, articulations, soft tissue 2. long bones 3. hinge joint  
🗑
1. __ is found in elbow and knee and allows flexion and extension of the more distal bone along only one plane. 2. The shoulders and hips are locations where ___ articulate with other bones in ___. 3. In addition, ball and socket joints allow for ___, ___, ___, and __ of the associated long bone   show
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1. ___ are wrist, ankles, and patella, have a width similar to their height and articulate as gliding joints. 2. A third category of bones are ___ some such as the plates of the skull connect with each other at fused joints called ___. Bones that do not fit into short, long or flat bone shape categories are called ___ bones. 3.___ the primary structural protein of connective tissue   show
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show 1. cartilage, tendons, ligaments, periosteum 2. tendons 3. ligaments  
🗑
show 1. fibers, tendons and ligaments 2. hyaline cartilage 3. osteoarthritis  
🗑
show 1. rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune 2. hyaline, epiphyseal plate, growth plate 3. epiphyseal  
🗑
show 1. achondroplastic dwarfism 2. axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton 3. axial skeleton  
🗑
show 1. metabolism and movement 2. mastication (chewing) 3. frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary  
🗑
1. The tiniest bones in the skull are the three ___ in the middle ears. 2. the ___ is a point of tongue and larynx attachment, and it is unique in being the only bone that is not connected to the rest of the skeleton. 3. The vertebral column is made of three groups of similarly shaped bones __, __, and ___.   show
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1. on the cranial end of the vertebral column is __ also known as the ___. 2. The C1 or atlas is the rocker between __ and the ___ of the skull that allows for the __ motion of the head 3. there are __ cervical vertebrae   show
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show 1. axis, no, cartilage 2. appendicular 3. humerus, radius and ulna, carpals, phalanges  
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1. The lower region of the skeleton includes the left and right hip bones of the pelvic girdle. lower limbs consist of the __ and the __, and __ that articulate with the __ of the foot. between them and the phalanges of the toes are the ___. 2. ___ is the portion of the skeleton made up of our appendages, the bones of our arms, legs, hands, and feet. 3. ___ is a protein kept in the kidney release is bad   show
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1. _____- normally found in urine 2. ____- normally found in urine (amount depends upon diet and amount of aldosterone) 3. ___ produces thyroid hormone and calcitonin   show
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show 1. hypothalamus 2. pineal 3. voluntary 4. sympathetic  
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1. ____- primitive brain structure that is involved in memory and emotion 2. ____- involves process of thought.   show
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1. _____- uppermost layer of skin, predominantly composed of dead keratinocytes 2. ____- contains a layer of keratinocytes filled with colorless protein eleidin, later converted to keratin 3. _____-thickest layer of skin containing keratinocytes, immune dendritic cells and sensory cells does not contain melanocytes 4.___- deepest layer of the epidermis and contains melanin-producing cells called melanocytes   show
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1. ___ found in hair and nails and on the outer layer of the skin cells called keratinocytes 2. ____-found in skin gives it the ability to rebound from being distorted 3. ____- when hemoglobin in red blood cells does not transport enough oxygen 4. ____-cancer of white blood cells   show
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1. ____-involved in ATP production do not synthesize proteins for secretion 2. ______- associated with ribosomes, which synthesize proteins. Therefore an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum allow for the production of protein for secretion 3. _____-iron containing and absorbs oxygen   show
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1. ____-oxygen-transporting pigment in muscle 2._____-released by the autonomic nervous system that causes skeletal muscles to contract 3. ______-local regulator however, its functions as a vasodilator rather than a muscle contraction   show
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show 1. Dopamine 2. glycine 3. synovium  
🗑
show 1. suture 2. inspiration 3. aeration  
🗑
show 1. ventilation or breathing 2. oxygenation 3. pericardium  
🗑
1. ____-tissue covering bones 2. _____-cartilaginous joint between 2 bones 3. cover the lungs   show
🗑
1. ____-decreases mechanical stress that results in immobility can lead to demineralization (induces bone growth) 2. _____-process of transforming cartilage into bone tissue (increasing bone mass) 3. ____-curvature of the spine   show
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show 1. liver 2. cowper 3. patellae  
🗑
show 1. musculoskeletal 2. nasal opening, nasal cavity, pharynx (throat), trachea 3. alveoli  
🗑
show 1. diffusion 2. periodic inspiration 3. expiration 4. decrease, increase  
🗑
1. the heart is made up of muscle tissues and is split into ____. 2. the upper chambers of the heart are called ___ and the lower chambers are called ___. 3. the heart has ____ valve control the flow of blood into and out of the chambers of the heart.   show
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show 1. away 2. to 3. endothelium, arteries, veins  
🗑
show 1. circulates and filters, drains. 2. sinoatrial node 3. leukocytes and lymphocytes.  
🗑
1. the ____ capillaries drain interstitial fluid that fills the spaces between the cells and __ it through a system of lymph nodes that are enriched in _____ and provide surveillance by the immune system. 2. ____ is essentially plasma with the red blood cells removed   show
🗑
show 1. lymph nodes, foreign molecules 2. lymph nodes  
🗑
show 1. aneurysm 2. arrhythmia 3. flu  
🗑
show 1. cyclic 2. left ventricle, arteries to capillaries, carbon dioxide.  
🗑
1. deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through ___. 2. deoxygenated blood enters through the __ and then flows into the ____. 3. when the right ventricle pumps the blood towards the lungs where it picks up oxygen and loses carbon dioxide. it then returns to the heart through the __ and starts the cycle again.   show
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1. The GI tract begins with the ___ and then proceeds throughout the __ to the ___. 2. the GI tract function is to break down __ 3. blood vessels located along the ___ and __ and ___ absorb digested nutrients 4. undigested food is stored in the __ for elimination.   show
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1. ___ in saliva lubricates the food 2. the ____ prevents reflux of food back into the esophagus. 3. the stomach is made up of ___ muscles.   show
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show 1. pepsinogen, mucus, hydrochloric acid 2. villi and microvilli 3. vermiform  
🗑
show 1. k 2. leptin 3. glucagon  
🗑
show 1. enzymes 2. nerve 3. axon, neurotransmitters  
🗑
1. sensory ___ nerves send messages to the central ___. 2. motor ___ nerves send messages to the ___. 3. ___ often attach to the bone and are involved in the movement of the bones   show
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1. smooth muscles can be found in the ___, ___, and ____. 2. fertilization normally occurs in the ____. 3. if a released egg is fertilized by a sperm, the egg may embed itself in the ___ (__).   show
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1. the ___ nourishes the fetus and removes wastes. 2. once the egg is released the now empty graafian follicle is now called the ____ and produces large amounts of ___ to prepare the endometrium for implantation of the fertilized egg.   show
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show 1. sebaceous, sudoriferous, and ceruminous 2. hair follicles, sweat glands, and blood vessels 3. dead cells, melanocytes.  
🗑
1. the ____ provides a barrier between the body and outside pathogens such as bacteria. it also prevents the body from drying out. 2. the inner cells of the epidermis divide quickly, pushing ___ toward the surface. 3. these old cells die and create a ___, ___ outer surface.   show
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show 1. radiation 2. sebaceous glands 3. blood vessels. skin surface  
🗑
show 1. constrict. 2. sugar 3. insulin, type ll  
🗑
show 1. type l diabetes. 2. glucagon 3. glycogen  
🗑
show 1. melatonin 2. lipid 3. fight or flight  
🗑
show 1. imbalance 2. thyroxine 3. growth  
🗑
show 1. genitourinary system 2. kidneys, superior 3. erythropoietin  
🗑
show 1. urine 2. 95 3. skin, fights pathogens, adaptive immune system 4. fever  
🗑
show 1. cellular and humoral 2. cellular, humoral. 3. passive  
🗑
1. ___ is caused by the hiv, which infects ___ t cells and prevents them from activating cytotoxic t cells and b cells and prevents the ____ system from operating. 2. the ___ system transports white blood cells throughout the body. 3. ____ also provide support and shape to the human body.   show
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1. ___ stores calcium, phosphate, and lipids 2. ____ bone marrow is found at the ends of long bones and is the site of ___ cell production. 3. the ends of long bones have ___ and this is where the bone lengthens if it is growing.   show
🗑
1. ___ are places where bones meet other bones. 2. ____ joints such as pivot, ball-and-socket, and hinge are usually capable of movement 3. bone is synthesized in tubular structures called ___ which is composed of calcium and phosphate-rich hydroxyapatite embedded in a ____ matrix.   show
🗑
show 1. haversian 2. cave-like, lacunae 3. bone  
🗑
show 1. osteocytes 2. osteoporosis 3. prime mover, antagonist  
🗑
1. a ___ is a substance with no medicinal effect that can be used as a control in an experiment. 2. ___ lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens. 3. ___ sugars and starches composed of monosaccharides   show
🗑
55.1 which of the following units is most appropriate for measuring the height of a giraffe? A. centimeters B. meters C. kilometers D. milimeters   show
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55.2 Which of the following units is appropriate for measuring the mass of a coin? A. grams B. meters C. kilograms D. kilometers   show
🗑
show D  
🗑
55.4 researchers conducted an experiment on the effects of a new antimold product. which of the following is the dependent variable that should be measured to establish an effect in this experiment? A. amount of antimold product B. amount of mold growth C. humidity D. temperature   show
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show 1. cellular functions 2. heart 3. nucleic acids  
🗑
show 1. organelle 2. proteins 3. subcutaneous  
🗑
show 1. testosterone 2. histone, histone  
🗑
show 1. sebum 2. zygomaticus  
🗑
show 1. anterior or oblique 2. raise eyebrows 3. close eye  
🗑
1. the orbicularis oris muscle (facial) function is 2. the buccinator muscle (facial) function is? 3. the depressor anguli oris muscle (facial) function?   show
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1. the facial muscles (facial) can also be 2. the masseter muscle (facial) function? 3. the temperoralis muscle (facial) function is   show
🗑
1. the neck muscles are 2. the omohyoid muscle (neck) function is 3. the sternohyoid muscle (neck) function is   show
🗑
the platysma sternocleidomastoid muscle (neck) action   show
🗑
show 1. anterior 2. flexes vertebral column tilt pelvis posteriorly  
🗑
1. the external oblique muscle (abdomen side) function is 2. the internal oblique muscle (abdomen both sides of belly button) function is   show
🗑
show 1. stabilize the lumbar spine and pelvis 2. breathing 3. posterior or anterior  
🗑
show Upper fibers bilaterally: Extend the head and neck unilaterally: Laterally flex the head and neck to the same side Upwardly rotate the scapula Rotate the head and neck to the opposite side Elevate the scapula Middle fibers: Adduct the scapula Stabilize the scapula Lower fibers: Depress the scapula Upwardly rotate the scapula  
🗑
show 1. Hold the medial border of the scapula against the rib cage Upwardly rotate the scapula Depress the scapula Abduct the scapula  
🗑
show Adduct scapula, Elevation scapula, Downward rotate the scapula  
🗑
show Depress scapula Abduct scapula Downwardly rotate scapula  
🗑
show 1. posterior, anterior, lateral 2. medial rotation shoulder adduct shoulder, extend shoulder  
🗑
show helps latissimus dorsi by medial rotation shoulder adduction shoulder extension shoulder 2. lateral rotation shoulder, adduct the shoulder, stabilize the head of the humerus in glenoid cavity  
🗑
1. the Supraspinatus muscle (top of shoulder) function 2. the Infraspinatus muscle (front of shoulder) function?   show
🗑
show 1.medial rotation shoulder stabilize the head of humerus in glenoid cavity  
🗑
show 1. medially rotate hip adduct hip 2. adducts the shoulder flex the shoulder  
🗑
1. the Biceps brachii muscle (top of upper arm) function 2. the Triceps brachii muscle (bottom of upper arm) function   show
🗑
show All fibers: Abduct the shoulder Anterior fibers: Flex the shoulder Medially rotate the shoulder Horizontally adduct the shoulder Posterior fibers: Horizontally abduct the shoulder (G/H joint) Extend the shoulder (G/H joint) Laterally rotate the shoulder (G/H joint)  
🗑
show 1. flex the elbow 2. flex the elbow 3. anterior or posterior  
🗑
show 1. to flex and invert/ laterally flex the hand 2. flexes wrist (abduct or adduct depending on rad vs ulnaris  
🗑
show 1. extension the fingers, hand, wrist 2. extend the wrist, fingers, abduct or adduct depending on uln vs rad  
🗑
1. the hip joint can be seen in these views 2. the Iliopsoas muscle (inner hip/ leg joint to spine under ribcage) function (is tensor fasciae latae and iliotibial tract together)   show
🗑
1. the quadriceps femoris muscle (middle of upper thigh) function 2. rectus femoris action   show
🗑
show 1. flex the hip laterally rotate the hip abduct the hip flex the knee medially rotate the flexed knee 2.Flex knee adduct the hip medially rotate hip medially rotate flexed knee  
🗑
show 1. medially rotate the hip adduct the hip 2. Extend hip, laterally rotate hip, abduct hip Lower: adduct the hip  
🗑
show 1. flex knee joint and extend thigh backward to propel movement 2.flex the knee, medially rotate the flexed knee, extend the hip  
🗑
1. the semimembranosus muscle ( inner thigh from knee to butt) function 2. the biceps femoris muscle (middle of back of leg from knee to butt) function   show
🗑
show 1. stabilize pelvis on top of thigh when standing 2. All fibers: ABDUCT the hip. Anterior fibers: FLEX and MEDIALLY ROTATE the hip. Posterior fibers: EXTEND and LATERALLY ROTATE the hip.  
🗑
show 1. extend the knee (chair, climbing stairs, cycling) 2. extend knee 3.extend knee  
🗑
show flex the hip laterally rotate the hip abduct the hip flex the knee medially rotate the flexed knee 2. Flex knee adduct the hip medially rotate hip medially rotate flexed knee  
🗑
show 1. needed during running, fast walk or jump flex the knee plantar flex the ankle 2. anterior, lateral, posterior 3. invert the foot (toward big toe) dorsiflex the ankle  
🗑
show 1. stabilize leg ontop of foot longest and brevis evert food 2. plantar flex, helps with running, walking, dancing  
🗑
1. adduction is 2. abduction is   show
🗑
show collagen, blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, and nerve endings.  
🗑
1. water, minerals, sodium, chloride,and magnesium are all excreted by glands in the 2. ___ contain trace amounts of urea, lactic acid, and alcohol   show
🗑


   

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