Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
teas A&P
teas ATI 6th edition study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the ___ system comprises the closed system of blood pumped around the body by the heart through a network of arteries, veins, and capillaries, as well as the open lymphatic system. | circulatory system |
| the ____ or ____ system describes the movement of blood and lymph around the body. Which permits nutrient distribution, waste removal, communication and protection. | cardiovascular and circulatory |
| the right lung has __ lobes and the left lung has ___ lobes. | 3, 2 |
| ___ the movement of air in and out of the body via inhalation and exhalation | ventilation |
| __ the windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs | trachea |
| ___ the amount of air breathed in a normal inhalation or exhalation | tidal volume |
| ___ is a lipid mixture secreted by alveoli(cells) of the lungs that reduces the surface tension thus preventing the alveoli from sticking together. | surfactant |
| ___ a tough, protective double membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity | pleura |
| __ the passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue | perfusion |
| ____ a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs, characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum, and lung infections | cystic fibrosis |
| ___ small passages in the lungs that connect bronchi and alveoli | bronchioles |
| ____ the main passageways directly attached to the lungs. | bronchi |
| ____ a lung disease characterized by inflamed, narrowed airways and difficulty breathing. | asthma |
| ____ tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen takes place. | alveoli |
| ___ are thin-walled structures that look like clusters of grapes and are the site of gas exchange | bronchioles |
| the respiratory system works interdependently with the ___ system | circulatory system |
| ___ divides the body horizontally creating an upper (superior) and lower (inferior) body. | transerve plane |
| ____ if the cut is made exactly down the midline of the body, the right and left halves of the body are equal | midsagittal section |
| ___ divides the body lengthwise into right and left portions | sagittal plane |
| ___ means away from the center | peripheral |
| ___ means that the part is located in the center | central |
| ____ means that the body is away from the structure of the body ex: bones | deep |
| ___ means that a part is located on or near the surface of the body ex: skin | superficial |
| ___ means that a part is farther away from the point of attachment than is another part | distal |
| ___ means that the structure is nearer the point of attachment, often the truck of the body. | proximal |
| ___ means away from the midline of the body | lateral |
| ___ another word for posterior. means toward the back surface | dorsal |
| ___ another word for anterior. means toward the front surface (belly surface) | ventral |
| ____means that a part is located below another part or is closer to the feet | inferior |
| ____ the body is standing erect, with the face forward, the arms at the sides, and the toes and palms of the hands forward | anatomical position |
| ____ means that a part is above another part or is closer to the head | superior |
| the middle of the body or towards the belly button is called | medial |
| the back of the body or back surface is called | posterior |
| the front of the body is called | anterior |
| sagittal or median indicates ___ and ____ | left and right |
| transverse or cross-sectional plane indications ___ and ___ | top and bottom |
| coronal and frontal plane indicate __ and __ | front and back |
| ___ and ______ systems both consist of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels. | circulatory and respiratory |
| ____ performs several functions, including providing a framework of support, protecting vital organs, articulating muscle to provide resistance for movement, and serving as a location for the synthesis of blood cells. | bones |
| ___ coordinates input from various sources to provide instructions for the body’s response to stimuli. | brain |
| ____ processes blood to remove wastes and to retain electrolytes and water. | kidney |
| ____ cells have large numbers of mitochondria to provide energy for movement. | muscle |
| ____ that secrete proteins have a large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, | glands |
| ____ Planes dividing the body to describe locations: sagittal, coronal, and transverse. | reference planes |
| _____ which stores and processes instructions contained in the DNA that tell the cell what its functions are. | nucleus |
| _____ which convert energy present in chemical bonds of food accessible to the cell; | mitochondria |
| ____ carry out protein synthesis | ribosomes |
| organs that work together are called ____ | organ systems |
| Tissues are collected into ______, which carry out a single task, such as oxygenating blood (lungs) or filtering out wastes (kidneys). | organs |
| Cells with the same function are collected into larger groups called _____ | tissues |
| ____ perform tasks including obtaining energy from food and reproduction. | organelles |
| ___ the basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created. | cell |
| _____ Standard positioning of the body as standing; feet together; arms to the side; with head, eyes, and palms of hands forward. | anatomical position |
| the small amount of stale air (gas) in the lung is called _____ | residual capacity |
| the breathing control centers of the _____ control respiration through monitoring carbon dioxide levels and blood ph. | medulla oblongata and pons |
| the _____ performs the vital functions of transporting nutrients, wastes, chemical messengers, and immune molecules. | cardiovascular system |
| the closed ____ system is a double looped system consisting of thick walled arteries that transport blood away from the heart, thinner-walled veins that transport blood to the heart, and capillaries made of a single layer endothelium that form a network. | circulatory system |
| the closed double-loop system transports ____ | blood. |
| the pulmonary loop carries ___ | oxygenated blood |
| systole indicates ____ of the heart muscle causes blood to push against the muscular walls of the arteries to a max pressure. | contraction |
| diastole is ___ of the heart muscle elasticity in the vessel walls recoils and the pressure decreases to a minimum. | relaxation |
| the systole causes the __ sound | lub |
| the diastole causes the __ sound | dub |
| the lub-dub sound are contractions controlled by the _____ called the _______. | pacemaker, sinoatrial node |
| ____ contains nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and other immune proteins | blood plasma |
| ____ cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. | red blood cells |
| _____ dissolves in plasma and is removed by the lungs. | carbon dioxide |
| ___ blood vessels that deliver (carry away) blood from the heart into other parts of the body | arteries |
| ____ small blood vessels that walls are only one cell thick, and connect arterioles to venules. they exchange gases and nutrients. | capillary |
| ___ refills the heart with blood. which is also known as the rest phase (when the chambers relax and refill) | diastole |
| ___ the muscle that pumps blood throughout the body | heart |
| ____ the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body | hemglobin |
| ____ white blood cells which protect the body against disease | leukocyte |
| ____ clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease and it is filtered through hundreds of small organs. | lymph |
| ___ a subtype of white blood cell found in lymph | lymphocyte |
| ___ the pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, white cells, and platelets throughout the body. | plasma |
| ___ the portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart expels blood | systole |
| ___ blood vessels that carry blood to the heart | vein |
| ____ of proteins is initiated in the stomach by the action of the enzyme pepsin, | chemical digestion |
| There are three main secretions of the stomach: pepsinogen (____ cells), mucus (_____ cells), and hydrochloric acid (_____ cells). | chief, goblet, parietal |
| contents (now called chime) pass through the pyloric sphincter into the ______, which is the first part of the small intestine. | duodenum |
| In the duodenum, chyme is neutralized by _____ in pancreatic secretions. | bicarbonate |
| The duodenum receives______ juices from the _______, which helps neutralize acid chyme. | alkaline bile, gall bladder |
| _____ The opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled. | anus |
| ____ A mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed. | bolus |
| ___ The semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine. | chyme |
| ______ The break down of food by enzymes for absorption. | enzymatic digestion |
| ___ The organ that stores bile. | gallbladder |
| ____ Also known as the colon, where vitamins and water are absorbed before feces is stored prior to elimination. | large intestine |
| ____ The organ that produces bile, regulates glycogen storage, and performs other bodily functions. | liver |
| ___ The oral cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal. | mouth |
| ____ The gland of the digestive and endocrine systems that produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juices. | pancreas |
| _____ A series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract. | peristalisis |
| ____ The last section of the large intestine, ending with the anus. | rectum |
| ____ The clear liquid found in the mouth, also known as spit. | saliva |
| ____ The part of the GI tract between the stomach and large intestine that includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, where digestion and absorption of food occurs | small intestine |
| _____ The organ between the esophagus and small intestine in which the major portion of digestion occurs. | stomach |
| Salivary amylase, salivary lipase are produced in which organ? | mouth |
| Gastric lipase, pepsin(ogen), HCl are produced in which organ | stomach |
| Bile (stored in gall bladder) is produced in which organ | liver |
| Pancreatic juice (bicarbonate, lipase, trypsin(ogen), proteases and amylase) is produced in which organ | pancreas |
| Brush border enzymes (proteases, lactase, disaccharidases) is produced in which organ | small intestine |
| Gastrin, ghrelin is a major hormone of? | stomach |
| Secretin, somatostatin, insulin, glucagon are major hormones of | pancreas |
| Cholecystokinin, somatostatin, secretin, motilin are major hormones of | small intestine |
| This system affects every part of the body and is vital in controlling involuntary and voluntary movement. | neuromuscular system |
| ____ are long bundles of axons that transmit signals from the central nervous system. | nerves |
| _____ nerves send messages to the central nervous system, | sensory/ afferent |
| ______ nerves send messages out to the muscles | motor/ efferent |
| The _______ nervous system controls involuntary actions involving cardiac and smooth muscle, such as heart rhythm, digestion, and breathing. | autonomic/ involuntary |
| ____ nerve signals make skeletal muscles do a deliberate action such as walking, throwing, or typing. | voluntary |
| each muscle consistes of long strands of proteins called ____ (thin filaments) and ______ (thick filaments). | actin, myosin |
| Skeletal muscles work by | contracting |
| _______ The part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates unconscious body functions such as breathing and heart rate. | autonomic nervous system |
| ___ a nerve fiber | axon |
| ___ shortening or elongating a muscle to perform muscle actions | contraction |
| __ Without intentional control | involuntary |
| ____ Soft tissue that produces force and motion to move the body | muslce |
| ___ A bundle of axons that transmits electrical impulses to peripheral organs. | nerve |
| ____ An involuntary movement in reaction to a stimulus | reflex |
| ___ Release of tension (exhalation) | relaxation |
| ___ The structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons. | synapse |
| ___ performed on purpose | voluntary |
| male gametes= | sperm |
| ___ The passage that forms the lower part of the uterus. | cervix |
| ___ Female sex hormones. | estrogen |
| ____ Tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. | fallopian tubes |
| ____ Organ in which eggs are produced for reproduction. | ovary |
| ____ Organ for elimination of urine and sperm from the male body. | penis |
| ____ The gland in males that controls the release of urine and secretes a part of semen that enhances motility and fertility of sperm. | prostate |
| ___ The pouch of skin that contains the testicles | scrotum |
| ____ The organs that produce sperm; also called testes. | testicles |
| ______ The hormone that stimulates male secondary sexual characteristics. | testisterone |
| ___ The tube that connects the bladder to the exterior of the female body. | urethra |
| ___ the womb | uterus |
| ____ The tube that connects the external genitals to the cervix. | vagina |
| ____ The duct in which sperm moves from a testicle to the urethra. | vas deferens |
| female gametes= | eggs |
| the ___ system contains organs and glands that do these two things. | 1. protect body 2. regulate temp |
| ___ is the largest organ? | skin |
| epidermis is the skin | outer layer |
| dermis is the skin | middle layer |
| subcutaneous or hypodermis is the skin | inner layer |
| skin also produces vitamin | D |
| ___ to become narrower | constrict |
| ___ to become wider | dilate |
| ___ elimination of metabolic waste from the body | excretion |
| __ an organ that secretes a substance | gland |
| ___ an organ system comprised of skin and its associated organs | integumentary system |
| ___ the thin layer of tissue hat covers the body | skin |
| ___ perspiration excreted by sweat glands through the skin | sweat |
| the ___ system is a set of organs that secrete hormones directly into the Circulatory system | endocrine |
| the glands in the endocrine system send ____ through the blood to control the function of that organ | chemical messengers |
| the pancreas releases | insulin |
| the ___ regulates many body functions including blood production, appetite, reproduction, brain function, sleep, salt & water homeostasis, growth, sexual development, response to stress ad injury. | endocrine system |
| __ a gland above the kidney that produces hormones to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other functions. | adrenal |
| __ a chemical messenger produced by a gland and transported by the blood stream that regulates specific processes in the body. | hormone |
| ____ an endocrine gland in the neck that produces parathyroid hormone | parathyroid |
| ____ a small gland near the center of the brain that secretes melatonin | pineal gland |
| ___ the endocrine gland at the base of the rain that controls growth and development. | pituitary |
| ___ the lymphoid organ that produces T-cells | thymus |
| __ the gland in the neck that secrets hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate. | thyroid gland |
| ____ is a necessary function for salt and water homeostasis and getting rid of wastes. | excretion |
| The organs in the _____ system, or urogenital, system function in the excretory process. | genitourinary |
| kidneys make __ and filter ___ | urine, blood |
| urine travels through the ____ to the bladder | ureters |
| Kidneys also stabilize ___ and maintain ___ it also produces the active form of ____. | water balance, blood pressure, vitamin D |
| The functional unit of the Kidney is the ____ it is responsible for filtering and exceretion | nephron |
| ___ play a vital role in maintaining blood and blood pressure. | kidneys |
| The kidneys also produce_____, a hormone that regulates blood pressure by retaining or removing water and salt. | renin |
| ___ The systemcomprised of the heart and blood vessels. | cardiovascular system |
| ____ The pair of organs that regulate fluid balance and filter waste from the blood | kidneys |
| ____ The two branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the kidneys | renal arteries |
| ____ The outer layer of the kidney. | renal cortex |
| ____ The innermost part of the kidney. | renal medulla |
| ____ The center of the kidney where urine collects before moving to the ureter | renal pelvis |
| ___ Veins connecting the kidney to the inferior vena cava that drain the kidney and carry blood purified by the kidney. | renal vein |
| ____ The main nitrogenous part of urine. | urea |
| ____ The duct that conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder. | ureter |
| ____ The structure that stores urine in the body until elimination. | urinary bladder |
| ____ Liquid waste matter excreted by the kidneys. | urine |
| The ______ prevents entry of pathogens through the presence of barriers composed of the skin and secretions such as acid, enzymes, and salt. | immune system |
| if the external barrier of the immune system fails then the _____ identifies, targets, and remembers the pathogen. | adaptive immune system |
| The _____ protects the body from disease-causing agents. | immune system |
| there are two types of immune systems they are? | innate and adaptive |
| These are all examples of Skin, Hair, Mucus, Earwax, Secretions (acid, salt, enzymes), Normal flora. Antimicrobials, Inflammation, Interferons. Complement. NK lymphocytes, Phagocytes (including APC) | innate immune system |
| the innate immune system is | nonspecific response |
| These are all examples of Reaction: Cytotoxic T-cells kill pathogen Prevention: B-cells produce antibodies Activated by antigen and helper, T-cells Helper T-cells are activated by APC | adaptive immune system |
| the adaptive immune system responds to | specific antigens |
| ____ Able to change as needed. | adaptive |
| ____ A blood protein that counteracts a specific antigen. | antibody |
| ____ A toxin that stimulates an immune response in the body. | antigen |
| ____ A cell that displays foreign antigens with major histocompatibility complexes on their surfaces. | antigen presenting cell |
| ____ A substance that kills or inhibits growth of micro-organisms with minimal damage to the host. | antimicrobial |
| ___ Cells that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens. | B-cells |
| ____ and ______ cells respond to conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) | Macrophages and dendritic cells |
| Macrophages and dendritic cells respond to conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through _____ | toll like receptors |
| Macrophages and dendritic cells respond to conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through toll like receptors and trigger an inflammation or _____ | antigen presentation |
| The _____ immune system responds by remembering signature molecules, called antigens, from pathogens to which the body has previously been exposed. | adaptive |
| ___ lymphocyte cells that attack host cells that harbor intracellular pathogens; | natural killer (nk) |
| Macrophages and dendritic cells respond to conserved _______ | pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) |
| Macrophages and dendritic cells respond to conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through _____ and trigger an inflammation or _____ presentation. | toll-like receptors, antigen |
| The ______ system responds by remembering signature molecules, called antigens, from pathogens to which the body has previously been exposed. | adaptive immune system |
| The adaptive immune system’s functional cells are lymphocytes called____-cells and ___-cells. | T & B |
| When a ____ T-cell encounters a cytotoxic T-cell that recognizes the same antigen, it produces ____ that activate the ____ T-cell. | helper, cytokines, cytotoxic |
| The helper T-cell also activates ____-cells that recognize the pathogen’s signature antigen. | B |
| this induces the B-cell to multiply rapidly into secretory cells called ____ cells, which produce large amounts of an _____ (Ig, or immunoglobulins) that can bind the antigen. | plasma cells, antibody |
| If antigen levels subside, plasma cells stop making antibodies and produce ____ cells that remember the antigen. | memory |
| Overactive immune systems can target innocuous foreign particles like pollen, causing the body to go into overdrive by producing huge amounts of IgE that trigger histamine release from mast cells, causing _____ with sneezing and mucus secretion. | allergies |
| Alternately, the immune system can mistakenly target a host molecule as a foreign antigen, leading to ______ | autoimmune disease |
| ____ A divider between parts of the body. | barrier |
| ____ The group of proteins in blood serum and plasma that works with antibodies to destroy particulate antigens. | complement |
| ___ Antigen-presenting cells that process antigen material and present it to T-cells. | dendritic cells |
| ____. An antibody. | immunoglobulin |
| ___ inborn. | innate |
| ______ A large white blood cell that ingests foreign material. | macrophage |
| _____ A lymphocyte that responds to an antigen upon reintroduction | memory cell |
| ______ Ingestion of particles by a cell or phagocyte. | phagocytosis |
| ____ A white blood cell that produces a single type of antibody. | plasma cell |
| ___ White blood cells that mature in the thymus and participate in immune response. | T-cell |
| The _____ has three main functions: movement, protection, and metabolism. | skeletal system |
| Bone is a dynamic_____ that is made and broken down according to need. | tissue |
| ___- Hard, calcified material that makes up the skeleton. | bone |
| ____ a group of diseases that affect collagen and result in fragile bones. | brittle bone disease |
| ____ Microscoping canals in ossified bone. | canaliculi |
| ____ Tough, elastic connective tissue found in parts of the body such as the ear. | cartilage |
| ____ The primary structural protein of connective tissue. | collagen |
| ____ Channels in bone that contain blood vessels and nerves. | haversian canal |
| ____ Layers of bone, tissue, or cell walls. | iamellae |
| _____ Flattened bone cells that come from osteoblasts. | lining cells |
| ___ Degenerative joint disease | osteoartritis |
| ___ Cells that make bone. | osteoblasts |
| ____ Cells that remove bone. | osteoclasts |
| ___ bone cells | osteocytes |
| ____ have long compact hollow shafts containing marrow. | long bones |
| ____ ends are usually made of spongy bone with air pockets. | long bones |
| ____ are wider than they are long. | short bones |
| ____ are not hollow but contain marrow. | flat bones |
| ____ have nonsymmetrical shapes and include the bones of the skull, knee, and elbow. | irregular bones |
| humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, and fibula are examples of ___ | long bones |
| The bones of the toes (metatarsals) and collarbone (clavicle) are ____ | short bones |
| scapula, ribs, and sternum are examples of ___ | flat bones |
| Typically, bones are articulated to other bones through ____and to muscle through ____. | ligaments, tendons |
| The articulating surfaces of bones are covered in _____ which prevents them from grinding against each other. | hyaline cartilage |
| Bone is covered by a fibrous sheath called the | periosteum |
| __ which contains nerves and blood vessels. | periosteum |
| Bone is synthesized in tubular structures called | osteon |
| ____ Cylindrical structures that comprise compact bone. | osteons |
| ___ A disease that causes brittle, fragile bones. | osteoporosis |
| ___A progressive disease that causes joint inflammation and pain. | rheumatoid arthritis |
| ____ Channels in bone that transmit blood vessels and communicate with Haversian canals. | volkmann canal |
| ___ disease (osteogenesis imperfecta) is due to a genetic defect in the _____ and causes bones to break easily. | brittle bone, collagen matrix |
| ___ immunity is a defense that employs B-cells to create antibodies that tag pathogens later. | antibody-mediated |
| If the external barrier is breached, the ___ line of defense is the internal aspect of the ___ immune system, a collection of nonspecific cellular responses ( inflammation, production of interferion, ingestion of pathogens by phagocytes). | second, innate |
| Contraction of the atria is caused by the impulse of the _____ node | sinoatrial |
| The ___ fiber impulse causes the contraction of the ventricles | Purkinje |
| A _____ (a heart attack) occurs when the cardiac muscle dies as a result of blood flow blockage to that tissue. | myocardial infarction |
| ___ of the small intestine provide a greater nutrient-absorbing surface area. When they are damaged the nutrient-absorbing surface area is _____ | Villi, diminished |
| The _____ is a section of the brain that serves as an integration center between the endocrine and nervous systems. | hypothalamus |
| ____ is produced by the skin when a cholesterol-based precursor is modified by the presence of ultraviolet radiation. | Vitamin D |
| ____ liberate calcium from bone-bound reserves. this mineral resorption removes calcium from bone so it can enter the bloodstream | osteoclasts |
| _____ secretions allow mineralization in bones that is inhibited elsewhere in the body. | osteoblasts |
| ___ are star-shaped cells that maintain bone and are able to sense physical stress. | osteocytes |
| ___ is a type of bone having fewer osteons and, therefore, lighter than compact (dense) bone, it is a site of red bone marrow production | spongy bone |
| ___ is a space inside of long bones that contains yellow bone marrow. | Medullary cavity |
| ___ are the structures in cells where proteins are made | ribosomes |
| ___ causes increased residual volume because its destruction of elastic lung tissue allows greater than normal lung expansion with reduced/ poor recoil and increased residual volume. | Emphysema |
| the ___ lining is the normal site for implantation of a zygote. | Uterine |
| ___ is the movement of substances from the pertitubular capillaries to the renal tubule. therefore, this is the opposite of re-absorption. | secretion |
| ___ returns substances from the renal tubule to peritubular capillaries. | reabsorption |
| the ___ controls balance and equilibrium | cerebellum |
| the ___ consists of four lobes that control various functions, which do not include balance and equilibrium. | cerebrum |
| the ____ lobe is the part of the cerebrum that controls processes such as language and sensory information | parietal |
| the ___ lobe is the part of the cerebrum that controls vision. | occipital |
| _____ is a signal traveling through a chain of neurons, rather than along a single neuron. | reverberation |
| ___ describes one way to create an action potential, rather than describing an action potential jumping from node to node in an axon. | Temporal summation |
| ___ conduction is the process by which an action potential jumps from node to node on a myelinated axon | saltatory |
| ___ refers to passing an electrical impulse from on nerve to another, rather than the conduction of an action potential along one nerve | ricocheting |
| They're four basic types of tissues and they are | Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues |
| ___ tissue covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and serves as a protective barrier. | epithelial |
| ___ tissue connects other tissues to each other and serves to bind ans support body parts. | connective |
| ___ tissue moves the body and its contents by contraction | muscle |
| __ tissue receives stimuli from the internal or external environment and communicates through electrical impulses with the rest of the body. | nervous |
| the kidney main function is to ___ and filter ___ from blood. | recycle nutrients, wastes |
| respiratory system performs the function of exchanging the gas of | CO2 for O2 |
| the term skull means | cranium |
| the process of aerating the lungs is known as ____ | ventilation. |
| the ____ includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, pharynx, glottis and the larynx. | upper respiratory tract |
| the ____ begins at the trachea and extends into the lungs via repeated branching of bronchus into bronchioles and ending at the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. | lower respiratory tract |
| the __ is a shared passageway where both air and food contains an opening for the digestive system, as well as the continuation of the respiratory system at the glottis. | pharynx |
| a flap called the ____ covers the opening of the glottis during swallowing to prevent food and liquids from entering the lungs | epiglottis |
| the ___ is the passageway for air through the vocal chords and leads to the larynx, commonly called the voice box. | glottis |
| ___ is produced in the larynx when air from the lungs is forced against the vocal chords | sound |
| The ___ begins the lower respiratory tract. | trachea |
| ___ also known as the windpipe, consists of a rigid tube of cartilaginous rings and lies anterior to the esophagus. | trachea |
| the _____ splits into two main branches that enter the lungs as right and left primary bronchi. | trachea |
| the walls of the alveoli are single layer of ___ tissue, which allows for the simple diffusion of gases in and out. | epithelial |
| the alveoli are surrounded by ___ whose walls also consists of ___ cells. | capillaries, epithelial |
| inhaled oxygen diffuses into the ___ in the surrounding capillaries and from there into the nearby tissues. | red blood cells |
| ___ diffuses out of the tissues into the red blood cells and then the alveoli to be exhaled from the lungs. | carbon dioxide |
| increasing levels of C02 causes an increase in ___ ions, which makes the blood more acidic. | H+ |
| The ___ is the amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration or deep breath. | total lung capacity (TLC) |
| the ___ is the amount of gas that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration, as in exhaling after a deep breath. | vial capacity (VC) |
| the vital capacity plus the residual volume is equal to the total | lung capacity |
| water in the lungs causes and increase in surface tension making the water "sticky" in the alveoli which causes both sides of the alveoli to stick together causing collapse of the lungs, known as ____. | atelectasis |
| lung compliance depends on two characteristics the __ of lung tissue and the ___ surface tension | elasticity, alveolar. |
| Asthma, bronchitis, and lung cancer cause increased resistance to lung expansion, resulting in a low ____. | compliance |
| ___ is a recessive gene mutation causes the normally slippery mucous secreted in the lungs to become thick and sticky. this atypical mucus can clog the airways, leading to severe breathing problems and increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. | cystic fibrosis |
| ___ can cause shortness of breath due to the decreased concentration of oxygen in the air. | high altitudes |
| the ____ is made up of four main components: the heart, blood vessels, blood, and lymphatic system. | cardiovascular system |
| The ___ is a large muscular organ comprised of cardiac tissue called __ and is surrounded by a sac called the ____. | heart, myocardium, pericardium |
| the heart contains four chambers divided by a _____. | median septum |
| The two ___ are the receiving chambers (heart) and the two ____ are the pumping chambers. | superior atria, inferior ventricles |
| the atria and ventricle are separated by the _____ valves. | atrioventricular |
| The right side of the heart pumps _____ from the heart towards the lungs and is called the ____ system. | deoxygenated blood, pulmonary |
| the left side of the heart receives ___ from the lungs and pumps it toward the rest of the body parts and is known as the ____ system. | oxygenated blood, systemic |
| The blood pumped by the heart travels through the extensive ___ of the ___. | conduits, vessles |
| ___ have a thick layer of smooth muscle in their walls to withstand the pressure of the forceful heartbeat. | arteries |
| ___ carry blood from body parts towards the heart | veins |
| __are connected to the capillary beds via smaller branches called venules. | veins |
| ___ have one-way valves to prevent blood from flowing back into the system. | veins |
| the ____ is a straw-colored liquid that contains water, immune proteins, and other nutrients. | plasma |
| ____ red blood cells | erythrocytes |
| ____ white blood cells | leukocytes |
| ___ are a major component of blood and contain the protein ____, which carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and helps return carbon dioxide from he tissues back to the lungs. | red blood cells, hemoglobin |
| The ____ function in the immune response and defend the body against disease. | leukocytes |
| the ____ are responsible for the clotting mechanism | platelets |
| Like veins, ____ vessels are thin-walled and contain one-way valves to maintain flow in one direction only. | lymph |
| ____ are entwined with cardiovascular capillaries and absorb excess tissue fluid and blood plasma that leaks from the capillaries. | lymphatic capillaries |
| ___ seek put pathogens in the fluid and makes antibodies, which target the pathogens so that other cells can destroy them. | lymphocytes |
| the filtered ___ fluid is essentially ___ blood plasma and is returned to the cardiovascular system via the veins. | lymph, cleaned |
| the heartbeat is also known as the ____ cycle | cardiac |
| the heartbeat begins with the triggering of an impulse within the ____, known as the ____, which is located in the upper wall of the right atrium. | sinoatrial (SA) node, pacemaker |
| the impulse for the heartbeat spreads from __ to ___ atria. | right to left |
| when the impulse reaches the ____ , also in the right atrial wall, and travels along the atrioventricular bundle down the right and left branches in the septum and finally along the ___ in the walls of the ventricle, causing the filled ventricles to contract. | atrioventricular node (AV), purkinje fibers |
| contraction of the atria followed by the ventricles is called ____ | systole. |
| External control of the heart in managed in the cardiac center of the brain and modulated by the hormones ___ and _____. | epinephrine and nonrepinephrine. |
| The pulmonary system receives deoxygenated blood into the right atrium from the body via the via the ___ and ___. | superior and inferior vena cava |
| contraction of the right atrium pumps blood through the right ___ into the ____ | AV (tricuspid) valve, right ventricle |
| contraction of the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood up into the pulmonary artery through the ___ and to the lungs. | pulmonary semilunar valve |
| oxygenated blood from the lungs travels via the ___ into he left atrium. | pulmonary veins |
| The systemic system carries oxygenated blood when the left atrium contracts forcing blood through the left ___ into the left ventricle. | AV (bicuspid, mitral) |
| Contraction of the left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic ___ through the __ towards the rest of the body. | aortic semilunar valve, left ventricle |
| blood pressure is measured in | millimeters of mercury (mm hg) |
| blood pressure is expressed as __ over ___ pressure. | max, min |
| normal/ average is | 120/70 ati (120/80 real) |
| high blood pressure _____ can cause rupture of the smaller arterioles and capillaries possibly leading to a stroke. | hypertension |
| _____ is a buildup of plaque in blood vessels that reduces the flow of blood through the vessel. | Atherosclerosis |
| When a piece of plaque breaks off, it can travel to smaller vessels, causing a ___ | blockage. |
| a piece of plaque or clotted blood traveling through vessels is known as an ___ | embolus. |
| a _____ occurs when the normal blood flow to the brain is stopped wither by a blockage or by a rupture of a blood vessel, causing death of brain tissue. | stroke |
| a ___ or _____, occurs when the flow of blood to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, causing cardiac muscle tissue to die | heart attack, myocardial |
Created by:
xokitty17xo