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teas A&P
teas ATI 6th edition study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the ___ system comprises the closed system of blood pumped around the body by the heart through a network of arteries, veins, and capillaries, as well as the open lymphatic system. | circulatory system |
| the ____ or ____ system describes the movement of blood and lymph around the body. Which permits nutrient distribution, waste removal, communication and protection. | cardiovascular and circulatory |
| the right lung has __ lobes and the left lung has ___ lobes. | 3, 2 |
| ___ the movement of air in and out of the body via inhalation and exhalation | ventilation |
| __ the windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs | trachea |
| ___ the amount of air breathed in a normal inhalation or exhalation | tidal volume |
| ___ is a lipid mixture secreted by alveoli(cells) of the lungs that reduces the surface tension thus preventing the alveoli from sticking together. | surfactant |
| ___ a tough, protective double membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity | pleura |
| __ the passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue | perfusion |
| ____ a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs, characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum, and lung infections | cystic fibrosis |
| ___ small passages in the lungs that connect bronchi and alveoli | bronchioles |
| ____ the main passageways directly attached to the lungs. | bronchi |
| ____ a lung disease characterized by inflamed, narrowed airways and difficulty breathing. | asthma |
| ____ tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen takes place. | alveoli |
| ___ are thin-walled structures that look like clusters of grapes and are the site of gas exchange | bronchioles |
| the respiratory system works interdependently with the ___ system | circulatory system |
| ___ divides the body horizontally creating an upper (superior) and lower (inferior) body. | transerve plane |
| ____ if the cut is made exactly down the midline of the body, the right and left halves of the body are equal | midsagittal section |
| ___ divides the body lengthwise into right and left portions | sagittal plane |
| ___ means away from the center | peripheral |
| ___ means that the part is located in the center | central |
| ____ means that the body is away from the structure of the body ex: bones | deep |
| ___ means that a part is located on or near the surface of the body ex: skin | superficial |
| ___ means that a part is farther away from the point of attachment than is another part | distal |
| ___ means that the structure is nearer the point of attachment, often the truck of the body. | proximal |
| ___ means away from the midline of the body | lateral |
| ___ another word for posterior. means toward the back surface | dorsal |
| ___ another word for anterior. means toward the front surface (belly surface) | ventral |
| ____means that a part is located below another part or is closer to the feet | inferior |
| ____ the body is standing erect, with the face forward, the arms at the sides, and the toes and palms of the hands forward | anatomical position |
| ____ means that a part is above another part or is closer to the head | superior |
| the middle of the body or towards the belly button is called | medial |
| the back of the body or back surface is called | posterior |
| the front of the body is called | anterior |
| sagittal or median indicates ___ and ____ | left and right |
| transverse or cross-sectional plane indications ___ and ___ | top and bottom |
| coronal and frontal plane indicate __ and __ | front and back |
| ___ and ______ systems both consist of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels. | circulatory and respiratory |
| ____ performs several functions, including providing a framework of support, protecting vital organs, articulating muscle to provide resistance for movement, and serving as a location for the synthesis of blood cells. | bones |
| ___ coordinates input from various sources to provide instructions for the body’s response to stimuli. | brain |
| ____ processes blood to remove wastes and to retain electrolytes and water. | kidney |
| ____ cells have large numbers of mitochondria to provide energy for movement. | muscle |
| ____ that secrete proteins have a large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, | glands |
| ____ Planes dividing the body to describe locations: sagittal, coronal, and transverse. | reference planes |
| _____ which stores and processes instructions contained in the DNA that tell the cell what its functions are. | nucleus |
| _____ which convert energy present in chemical bonds of food accessible to the cell; | mitochondria |
| ____ carry out protein synthesis | ribosomes |
| organs that work together are called ____ | organ systems |
| Tissues are collected into ______, which carry out a single task, such as oxygenating blood (lungs) or filtering out wastes (kidneys). | organs |
| Cells with the same function are collected into larger groups called _____ | tissues |
| ____ perform tasks including obtaining energy from food and reproduction. | organelles |
| ___ the basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created. | cell |
| _____ Standard positioning of the body as standing; feet together; arms to the side; with head, eyes, and palms of hands forward. | anatomical position |
| the small amount of stale air (gas) in the lung is called _____ | residual capacity |
| the breathing control centers of the _____ control respiration through monitoring carbon dioxide levels and blood ph. | medulla oblongata and pons |
| the _____ performs the vital functions of transporting nutrients, wastes, chemical messengers, and immune molecules. | cardiovascular system |
| the closed ____ system is a double looped system consisting of thick walled arteries that transport blood away from the heart, thinner-walled veins that transport blood to the heart, and capillaries made of a single layer endothelium that form a network. | circulatory system |
| the closed double-loop system transports ____ | blood. |
| the pulmonary loop carries ___ | oxygenated blood |
| systole indicates ____ of the heart muscle causes blood to push against the muscular walls of the arteries to a max pressure. | contraction |
| diastole is ___ of the heart muscle elasticity in the vessel walls recoils and the pressure decreases to a minimum. | relaxation |
| the systole causes the __ sound | lub |
| the diastole causes the __ sound | dub |
| the lub-dub sound are contractions controlled by the _____ called the _______. | pacemaker, sinoatrial node |
| ____ contains nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and other immune proteins | blood plasma |
| ____ cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. | red blood cells |
| _____ dissolves in plasma and is removed by the lungs. | carbon dioxide |
| ___ blood vessels that deliver (carry away) blood from the heart into other parts of the body | arteries |
| ____ small blood vessels that walls are only one cell thick, and connect arterioles to venules. they exchange gases and nutrients. | capillary |
| ___ refills the heart with blood. which is also known as the rest phase (when the chambers relax and refill) | diastole |
| ___ the muscle that pumps blood throughout the body | heart |
| ____ the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body | hemglobin |
| ____ white blood cells which protect the body against disease | leukocyte |
| ____ clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease and it is filtered through hundreds of small organs. | lymph |
| ___ a subtype of white blood cell found in lymph | lymphocyte |
| ___ the pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, white cells, and platelets throughout the body. (liquid) | plasma |
| ___ the portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart expels blood | systole |
| ___ blood vessels that carry blood to the heart | vein |
| ____ of proteins is initiated in the stomach by the action of the enzyme pepsin, | chemical digestion |
| There are three main secretions of the stomach: pepsinogen (____ cells), mucus (_____ cells), and hydrochloric acid (_____ cells). | chief, goblet, parietal |
| contents (now called chime) pass through the pyloric sphincter into the ______, which is the first part of the small intestine. | duodenum |
| In the duodenum, chyme is neutralized by _____ in pancreatic secretions. | bicarbonate |
| The duodenum receives______ juices from the _______, which helps neutralize acid chyme. | alkaline bile, gall bladder |
| _____ The opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled. | anus |
| ____ A mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed. | bolus |
| ___ The semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine. | chyme |
| ______ The break down of food by enzymes for absorption. | enzymatic digestion |
| ___ The organ that stores bile. | gallbladder |
| ____ Also known as the colon, where vitamins and water are absorbed before feces is stored prior to elimination. | large intestine |
| ____ The organ that produces bile, regulates glycogen storage, and performs other bodily functions. | liver |
| ___ The oral/ digestive system cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal. | mouth |
| ____ The gland of the digestive and endocrine systems that produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juices. | pancreas |
| _____ A series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract. | peristalisis |
| ____ The last section of the large intestine, ending with the anus. | rectum |
| ____ The clear liquid found in the mouth, also known as spit. | saliva |
| ____ The part of the GI tract between the stomach and large intestine that includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, where digestion and absorption of food occurs | small intestine |
| _____ The organ between the esophagus and small intestine in which the major portion of digestion occurs. | stomach |
| Salivary amylase, salivary lipase are produced in which organ? | mouth |
| Gastric lipase, pepsin(ogen), HCl are produced in which organ | stomach |
| Bile (stored in gall bladder) is produced in which organ | liver |
| Pancreatic juice (bicarbonate, lipase, trypsin(ogen), proteases and amylase) is produced in which organ | pancreas |
| Brush border enzymes (proteases, lactase, disaccharidases) is produced in which organ | small intestine |
| Gastrin, ghrelin is a major hormone of? | stomach |
| Secretin, somatostatin, insulin, glucagon are major hormones of | pancreas |
| Cholecystokinin, somatostatin, secretin, motilin are major hormones of | small intestine |
| This system affects every part of the body and is vital in controlling involuntary and voluntary movement. | neuromuscular system |
| ____ are long bundles of axons that transmit signals from the central nervous system. | nerves |
| _____ nerves send messages to the central nervous system, | sensory/ afferent |
| ______ nerves send messages out to the muscles | motor/ efferent |
| The _______ nervous system controls involuntary actions involving cardiac and smooth muscle, such as heart rhythm, digestion, and breathing. | autonomic/ involuntary |
| ____ nerve signals make skeletal muscles do a deliberate action such as walking, throwing, or typing. | voluntary |
| each muscle consistes of long strands of proteins called ____ (thin filaments) and ______ (thick filaments). | actin, myosin |
| Skeletal muscles work by | contracting |
| _______ The part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates unconscious body functions such as breathing and heart rate. | autonomic nervous system |
| ___ a nerve fiber | axon |
| ___ shortening or elongating a muscle to perform muscle actions | contraction |
| __ Without intentional control | involuntary |
| ____ Soft tissue that produces force and motion to move the body | muslce |
| ___ A bundle of axons that transmits electrical impulses to peripheral organs. | nerve |
| ____ An involuntary movement in reaction to a stimulus | reflex |
| ___ Release of tension (exhalation) | relaxation |
| ___ The structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons. | synapse |
| ___ performed on purpose | voluntary |
| male gametes= | sperm |
| ___ The passage that forms the lower part of the uterus. | cervix |
| ___ Female sex hormones. | estrogen |
| ____ Tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. | fallopian tubes |
| ____ Organ in which eggs are produced for reproduction. | ovary |
| ____ Organ for elimination of urine and sperm from the male body. | penis |
| ____ The gland in males that controls the release of urine and secretes a part of semen that enhances motility and fertility of sperm. | prostate |
| ___ The pouch of skin that contains the testicles | scrotum |
| ____ The organs that produce sperm; also called testes. | testicles |
| ______ The hormone that stimulates male secondary sexual characteristics. | testisterone |
| ___ The tube that connects the bladder to the exterior of the female body. | urethra |
| ___ the womb | uterus |
| ____ The tube that connects the external genitals to the cervix. | vagina |
| ____ The duct in which sperm moves from a testicle to the urethra. | vas deferens |
| female gametes= | eggs |
| the ___ system contains organs and glands that do these two things. | 1. protect body 2. regulate temp |
| ___ is the largest organ? | skin |
| epidermis is the skin | outer layer |
| dermis is the skin | middle layer |
| subcutaneous or hypodermis is the skin | inner layer |
| skin also produces vitamin | D |
| ___ to become narrower | constrict |
| ___ to become wider | dilate |
| ___ elimination of metabolic waste from the body | excretion |
| __ an organ that secretes a substance | gland |
| ___ an organ system comprised of skin and its associated organs | integumentary system |
| ___ the thin layer of tissue hat covers the body | skin |
| ___ perspiration excreted by sweat glands through the skin | sweat |
| the ___ system is a set of organs that secrete hormones directly into the Circulatory system | endocrine |
| the glands in the endocrine system send ____ through the blood to control the function of that organ | chemical messengers |
| the pancreas releases | insulin |
| the ___ regulates many body functions including blood production, appetite, reproduction, brain function, sleep, salt & water homeostasis, growth, sexual development, response to stress ad injury. | endocrine system |
| __ a gland above the kidney that produces hormones to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other functions. | adrenal |
| __ a chemical messenger produced by a gland and transported by the blood stream that regulates specific processes in the body. | hormone |
| ____ an endocrine gland in the neck that produces parathyroid hormone | parathyroid |
| ____ a small gland near the center of the brain that secretes melatonin | pineal gland |
| ___ the endocrine gland at the base of the rain that controls growth and development. | pituitary |
| ___ the lymphoid organ that produces T-cells | thymus |
| __ the gland in the neck that secrets hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate. | thyroid gland |
| ____ is a necessary function for salt and water homeostasis and getting rid of wastes. | excretion |
| The organs in the _____ system, or urogenital, system function in the excretory process. | genitourinary |
| kidneys make __ and filter ___ | urine, blood |
| urine travels through the ____ to the bladder | ureters |
| Kidneys also stabilize ___ and maintain ___ it also produces the active form of ____. | water balance, blood pressure, vitamin D |
| The functional unit of the Kidney is the ____ it is responsible for filtering and exceretion | nephron |
| ___ play a vital role in maintaining blood and blood pressure. | kidneys |
| The kidneys also produce_____, a hormone that regulates blood pressure by retaining or removing water and salt. | renin |
| ___ The systemcomprised of the heart and blood vessels. | cardiovascular system |
| ____ The pair of organs that regulate fluid balance and filter waste from the blood | kidneys |
| ____ The two branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the kidneys | renal arteries |
| ____ The outer layer of the kidney. | renal cortex |
| ____ The innermost part of the kidney. | renal medulla |
| ____ The center of the kidney where urine collects before moving to the ureter | renal pelvis |
| ___ Veins connecting the kidney to the inferior vena cava that drain the kidney and carry blood purified by the kidney. | renal vein |
| ____ The main nitrogenous part of urine. | urea |
| ____ The duct that conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder. | ureter |
| ____ The structure that stores urine in the body until elimination. | urinary bladder |
| ____ Liquid waste matter excreted by the kidneys. | urine |
| The ______ prevents entry of pathogens through the presence of barriers composed of the skin and secretions such as acid, enzymes, and salt. | immune system |
| if the external barrier of the immune system fails then the _____ identifies, targets, and remembers the pathogen. | adaptive immune system |
| The _____ protects the body from disease-causing agents. | immune system |
| there are two types of immune systems they are? | innate and adaptive |
| These are all examples of Skin, Hair, Mucus, Earwax, Secretions (acid, salt, enzymes), Normal flora. Antimicrobials, Inflammation, Interferons. Complement. NK lymphocytes, Phagocytes (including APC) | innate immune system |
| the innate immune system is | nonspecific response |
| These are all examples of Reaction: Cytotoxic T-cells kill pathogen Prevention: B-cells produce antibodies Activated by antigen and helper, T-cells Helper T-cells are activated by APC | adaptive immune system |
| the adaptive immune system responds to | specific antigens |
| ____ Able to change as needed. | adaptive |
| ____ A blood protein that counteracts a specific antigen. | antibody |
| ____ A toxin that stimulates an immune response in the body. | antigen |
| ____ A cell that displays foreign antigens with major histocompatibility complexes on their surfaces. | antigen presenting cell |
| ____ A substance that kills or inhibits growth of micro-organisms with minimal damage to the host. | antimicrobial |
| ___ Cells that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens. | B-cells |
| ____ and ______ cells respond to conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) | Macrophages and dendritic cells |
| Macrophages and dendritic cells respond to conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through _____ | toll like receptors |
| Macrophages and dendritic cells respond to conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through toll like receptors and trigger an inflammation or _____ | antigen presentation |
| The _____ immune system responds by remembering signature molecules, called antigens, from pathogens to which the body has previously been exposed. | adaptive |
| ___ lymphocyte cells that attack host cells that harbor intracellular pathogens; | natural killer (nk) |
| Macrophages and dendritic cells respond to conserved _______ | pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) |
| Macrophages and dendritic cells respond to conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through _____ and trigger an inflammation or _____ presentation. | toll-like receptors, antigen |
| The ______ system responds by remembering signature molecules, called antigens, from pathogens to which the body has previously been exposed. | adaptive immune system |
| The adaptive immune system’s functional cells are lymphocytes called____-cells and ___-cells. | T & B |
| When a ____ T-cell encounters a cytotoxic T-cell that recognizes the same antigen, it produces ____ that activate the ____ T-cell. | helper, cytokines, cytotoxic |
| The helper T-cell also activates ____-cells that recognize the pathogen’s signature antigen. | B |
| this induces the B-cell to multiply rapidly into secretory cells called ____ cells, which produce large amounts of an _____ (Ig, or immunoglobulins) that can bind the antigen. | plasma cells, antibody |
| If antigen levels subside, plasma cells stop making antibodies and produce ____ cells that remember the antigen. | memory |
| Overactive immune systems can target innocuous foreign particles like pollen, causing the body to go into overdrive by producing huge amounts of IgE that trigger histamine release from mast cells, causing _____ with sneezing and mucus secretion. | allergies |
| Alternately, the immune system can mistakenly target a host molecule as a foreign antigen, leading to ______ | autoimmune disease |
| ____ A divider between parts of the body. | barrier |
| ____ The group of proteins in blood serum and plasma that works with antibodies to destroy particulate antigens. | complement |
| ___ Antigen-presenting cells that process antigen material and present it to T-cells. | dendritic cells |
| ____. An antibody. | immunoglobulin |
| ___ inborn. | innate |
| ______ A large white blood cell that ingests foreign material. | macrophage |
| _____ A lymphocyte that responds to an antigen upon reintroduction | memory cell |
| ______ Ingestion of particles by a cell or phagocyte. | phagocytosis |
| ____ A white blood cell that produces a single type of antibody. | plasma cell |
| ___ White blood cells that mature in the thymus and participate in immune response. | T-cell |
| The _____ has three main functions: movement, protection, and metabolism. | skeletal system |
| Bone is a dynamic_____ that is made and broken down according to need. | tissue |
| ___- Hard, calcified material that makes up the skeleton. | bone |
| ____ a group of diseases that affect collagen and result in fragile bones. | brittle bone disease |
| ____ Microscoping canals in ossified bone. | canaliculi |
| ____ Tough, elastic connective tissue found in parts of the body such as the ear. | cartilage |
| ____ The primary structural protein of skin/ connective tissue. | collagen |
| ____ Channels in bone that contain blood vessels and nerves. | haversian canal |
| ____ Layers of bone, tissue, or cell walls. | iamellae |
| _____ Flattened bone cells that come from osteoblasts. | lining cells |
| ___ Degenerative joint disease | osteoartritis |
| ___ Cells that make bone. | osteoblasts |
| ____ Cells that remove bone. | osteoclasts |
| ___ bone cells | osteocytes |
| ____ have long compact hollow shafts containing marrow. | long bones |
| ____ ends are usually made of spongy bone with air pockets. | long bones |
| ____ are wider than they are long. | short bones |
| ____ are not hollow but contain marrow. | flat bones |
| ____ have nonsymmetrical shapes and include the bones of the skull, knee, and elbow. | irregular bones |
| humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, and fibula are examples of ___ | long bones |
| The bones of the toes (metatarsals) and collarbone (clavicle) are ____ | short bones |
| scapula, ribs, and sternum are examples of ___ | flat bones |
| Typically, bones are articulated to other bones through ____and to muscle through ____. | ligaments, tendons |
| The articulating surfaces of bones are covered in _____ which prevents them from grinding against each other. | hyaline cartilage |
| Bone is covered by a fibrous sheath called the | periosteum |
| __ which contains nerves and blood vessels. | periosteum |
| Bone is synthesized in tubular structures called | osteon |
| ____ Cylindrical structures that comprise compact bone. | osteons |
| ___ A disease that causes brittle, fragile bones. | osteoporosis |
| ___A progressive disease that causes joint inflammation and pain. | rheumatoid arthritis |
| ____ Channels in bone that transmit blood vessels and communicate with Haversian canals. | volkmann canal |
| ___ disease (osteogenesis imperfecta) is due to a genetic defect in the _____ and causes bones to break easily. | brittle bone, collagen matrix |
| ___ immunity is a defense that employs B-cells to create antibodies that tag pathogens later. | antibody-mediated |
| If the external barrier is breached, the ___ line of defense is the internal aspect of the ___ immune system, a collection of nonspecific cellular responses ( inflammation, production of interferion, ingestion of pathogens by phagocytes). | second, innate |
| Contraction of the atria is caused by the impulse of the _____ node | sinoatrial |
| The ___ fiber impulse causes the contraction of the ventricles | Purkinje |
| A _____ (a heart attack) occurs when the cardiac muscle dies as a result of blood flow blockage to that tissue. | myocardial infarction |
| ___ of the small intestine provide a greater nutrient-absorbing surface area. When they are damaged the nutrient-absorbing surface area is _____ | Villi, diminished |
| The _____ is a section of the brain that serves as an integration center between the endocrine and nervous systems. | hypothalamus |
| ____ is produced by the skin when a cholesterol-based precursor is modified by the presence of ultraviolet radiation. | Vitamin D |
| ____ liberate calcium from bone-bound reserves. this mineral resorption removes calcium from bone so it can enter the bloodstream | osteoclasts |
| _____ secretions allow mineralization in bones that is inhibited elsewhere in the body. | osteoblasts |
| ___ are star-shaped cells that maintain bone and are able to sense physical stress. | osteocytes |
| ___ is a type of bone having fewer osteons and, therefore, lighter than compact (dense) bone, it is a site of red bone marrow production | spongy bone |
| ___ is a space inside of long bones that contains yellow bone marrow. | Medullary cavity |
| ___ are the structures in cells where proteins are made | ribosomes |
| ___ causes increased residual volume because its destruction of elastic lung tissue allows greater than normal lung expansion with reduced/ poor recoil and increased residual volume. | Emphysema |
| the ___ lining is the normal site for implantation of a zygote. | Uterine |
| ___ is the movement of substances from the pertitubular capillaries to the renal tubule. therefore, this is the opposite of re-absorption. | secretion |
| ___ returns substances from the renal tubule to peritubular capillaries. | reabsorption |
| the ___ controls balance and equilibrium | cerebellum |
| the ___ consists of four lobes that control various functions, which do not include balance and equilibrium. | cerebrum |
| the ____ lobe is the part of the cerebrum that controls processes such as language and sensory information | parietal |
| the ___ lobe is the part of the cerebrum that controls vision. | occipital |
| _____ is a signal traveling through a chain of neurons, rather than along a single neuron. | reverberation |
| ___ describes one way to create an action potential, rather than describing an action potential jumping from node to node in an axon. | Temporal summation |
| ___ conduction is the process by which an action potential jumps from node to node on a myelinated axon | saltatory |
| ___ refers to passing an electrical impulse from on nerve to another, rather than the conduction of an action potential along one nerve | ricocheting |
| They're four basic types of tissues and they are | Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues |
| ___ tissue covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and serves as a protective barrier. | epithelial |
| ___ tissue connects other tissues to each other and serves to bind ans support body parts. | connective |
| ___ tissue moves the body and its contents by contraction | muscle |
| __ tissue receives stimuli from the internal or external environment and communicates through electrical impulses with the rest of the body. | nervous |
| the kidney main function is to ___ and filter ___ from blood. | recycle nutrients, wastes |
| respiratory system performs the function of exchanging the gas of | CO2 for O2 |
| the term skull means | cranium |
| the process of aerating the lungs is known as ____ | ventilation. |
| the ____ includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, pharynx, glottis and the larynx. | upper respiratory tract |
| the ____ begins at the trachea and extends into the lungs via repeated branching of bronchus into bronchioles and ending at the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. | lower respiratory tract |
| the __ is a shared passageway where both air and food contains an opening for the digestive system, as well as the continuation of the respiratory system at the glottis. | pharynx |
| a flap called the ____ covers the opening of the glottis during swallowing to prevent food and liquids from entering the lungs | epiglottis |
| the ___ is the passageway for air through the vocal chords and leads to the larynx, commonly called the voice box. | glottis |
| ___ is produced in the larynx when air from the lungs is forced against the vocal chords | sound |
| The ___ begins the lower respiratory tract. | trachea |
| ___ also known as the windpipe, consists of a rigid tube of cartilaginous rings and lies anterior to the esophagus. | trachea |
| the _____ splits into two main branches that enter the lungs as right and left primary bronchi. | trachea |
| the walls of the alveoli are single layer of ___ tissue, which allows for the simple diffusion of gases in and out. | epithelial |
| the alveoli are surrounded by ___ whose walls also consists of ___ cells. | capillaries, epithelial |
| inhaled oxygen diffuses into the ___ in the surrounding capillaries and from there into the nearby tissues. | red blood cells |
| ___ diffuses out of the tissues into the red blood cells and then the alveoli to be exhaled from the lungs. | carbon dioxide |
| increasing levels of C02 causes an increase in ___ ions, which makes the blood more acidic. | H+ |
| The ___ is the amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration or deep breath. | total lung capacity (TLC) |
| the ___ is the amount of gas that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration, as in exhaling after a deep breath. | vial capacity (VC) |
| the vital capacity plus the residual volume is equal to the total | lung capacity |
| water in the lungs causes and increase in surface tension making the water "sticky" in the alveoli which causes both sides of the alveoli to stick together causing collapse of the lungs, known as ____. | atelectasis |
| lung compliance depends on two characteristics the __ of lung tissue and the ___ surface tension | elasticity, alveolar. |
| Asthma, bronchitis, and lung cancer cause increased resistance to lung expansion, resulting in a low ____. | compliance |
| ___ is a recessive gene mutation causes the normally slippery mucous secreted in the lungs to become thick and sticky. this atypical mucus can clog the airways, leading to severe breathing problems and increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. | cystic fibrosis |
| ___ can cause shortness of breath due to the decreased concentration of oxygen in the air. | high altitudes |
| the ____ is made up of four main components: the heart, blood vessels, blood, and lymphatic system. | cardiovascular system |
| The ___ is a large muscular organ comprised of cardiac tissue called __ and is surrounded by a sac called the ____. | heart, myocardium, pericardium |
| the heart contains four chambers divided by a _____. | median septum |
| The two ___ are the receiving chambers (heart) and the two ____ are the pumping chambers. | superior atria, inferior ventricles |
| the atria and ventricle are separated by the _____ valves. | atrioventricular |
| The right side of the heart pumps _____ from the heart towards the lungs and is called the ____ system. | deoxygenated blood, pulmonary |
| the left side of the heart receives ___ from the lungs and pumps it toward the rest of the body parts and is known as the ____ system. | oxygenated blood, systemic |
| The blood pumped by the heart travels through the extensive ___ of the ___. | conduits, vessles |
| ___ have a thick layer of smooth muscle in their walls to withstand the pressure of the forceful heartbeat. | arteries |
| ___ carry blood from body parts towards the heart | veins |
| __are connected to the capillary beds via smaller branches called venules. | veins |
| ___ have one-way valves to prevent blood from flowing back into the system. | veins |
| the ____ is a straw-colored liquid that contains water, immune proteins, and other nutrients. | plasma |
| ____ red blood cells | erythrocytes |
| ____ white blood cells | leukocytes |
| ___ are a major component of blood and contain the protein ____, which carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and helps return carbon dioxide from he tissues back to the lungs. | red blood cells, hemoglobin |
| The ____ function in the immune response and defend the body against disease. | leukocytes |
| the ____ are responsible for the clotting mechanism | platelets |
| Like veins, ____ vessels are thin-walled and contain one-way valves to maintain flow in one direction only. | lymph |
| ____ are entwined with cardiovascular capillaries and absorb excess tissue fluid and blood plasma that leaks from the capillaries. | lymphatic capillaries |
| ___ seek put pathogens in the fluid and makes antibodies, which target the pathogens so that other cells can destroy them. | lymphocytes |
| the filtered ___ fluid is essentially ___ blood plasma and is returned to the cardiovascular system via the veins. | lymph, cleaned |
| the heartbeat is also known as the ____ cycle | cardiac |
| the heartbeat begins with the triggering of an impulse within the ____, known as the ____, which is located in the upper wall of the right atrium. | sinoatrial (SA) node, pacemaker |
| the impulse for the heartbeat spreads from __ to ___ atria. | right to left |
| when the impulse reaches the ____ , also in the right atrial wall, and travels along the atrioventricular bundle down the right and left branches in the septum and finally along the ___ in the walls of the ventricle, causing the filled ventricles to contract. | atrioventricular node (AV), purkinje fibers |
| contraction of the atria followed by the ventricles is called ____ | systole. |
| External control of the heart in managed in the cardiac center of the brain and modulated by the hormones ___ and _____. | epinephrine and nonrepinephrine. |
| The pulmonary system receives deoxygenated blood into the right atrium from the body via the via the ___ and ___. | superior and inferior vena cava |
| contraction of the right atrium pumps blood through the right ___ into the ____ | AV (tricuspid) valve, right ventricle |
| contraction of the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood up into the pulmonary artery through the ___ and to the lungs. | pulmonary semilunar valve |
| oxygenated blood from the lungs travels via the ___ into he left atrium. | pulmonary veins |
| The systemic system carries oxygenated blood when the left atrium contracts forcing blood through the left ___ into the left ventricle. | AV (bicuspid, mitral) |
| Contraction of the left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic ___ through the __ towards the rest of the body. | aortic semilunar valve, left ventricle |
| blood pressure is measured in | millimeters of mercury (mm hg) |
| blood pressure is expressed as __ over ___ pressure. | max, min |
| normal/ average is | 120/70 ati (120/80 real) |
| high blood pressure _____ can cause rupture of the smaller arterioles and capillaries possibly leading to a stroke. | hypertension |
| _____ is a buildup of plaque in blood vessels that reduces the flow of blood through the vessel. | Atherosclerosis |
| When a piece of plaque breaks off, it can travel to smaller vessels, causing a ___ | blockage. |
| a piece of plaque or clotted blood traveling through vessels is known as an ___ | embolus. |
| a _____ occurs when the normal blood flow to the brain is stopped wither by a blockage or by a rupture of a blood vessel, causing death of brain tissue. | stroke |
| a ___ or _____, occurs when the flow of blood to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, causing cardiac muscle tissue to die | heart attack, myocardial |
| the gastrointestinal system is also referred to as the | digestive system or alimentary canal |
| in the GI tract glands perform both | mechanical and chemical digestion |
| Blood vessels in the GI tract absorb the digested | nutrients |
| the smooth muscle in the GI tract in under _____ control | parasympathetic nervous |
| The digestive system function to break down ___ into small nutrient molecules that are then absorbed into the ___ system and distributed to the __ of the tissues throughout the body. | macromolecules, circulatory, cells |
| The digestive system also ___ and ___ undigested waste. | forms, elimates |
| The five main steps in digestion is 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. | 1. ingestion (intake of food) 2. digestion (mechanical and chemical breakdown) 3. movement (move food through Gi tract) 4. absorption (nutrients into tissue cells) 5. elimination (undigested waste) |
| Movement of the food through the GI tract through ___. | peritalsis |
| Food enters the system through the ___, where three pairs of salivary glands secrete ___ that contains ____. | mouth. saliva, amylase |
| ____ the oral cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal. | mouth |
| ___ the clear liquid found in the mouth, also known as spit | saliva |
| amylase is an __ that begins ___ digestion in the mouth. | enzyme, carbohydrate |
| The teeth being the mechanical breakdown of food by ____and mixing it with the __ and ____. | chewing, enzymes, saliva |
| chewing technical term is | mastication |
| The tongue forms a ___ and moves it towards the ___. | bolus, pharynx |
| ___ a mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed | bolus |
| The ___ is a cavity between the __ and the ___. | pharynx, mouth, esophagus |
| the pharynx provides a passageway for ___ and ___. | food and air |
| the __ is swallowed and the ___ closes off the opening to the __ so food only enter the ____. | bolus, epiglottis, trachea, esophagus. |
| the technical term for bolus is | degutination |
| the ____ is a long, muscular tube that carries food to the stomach by a wavelike ____ called ___. | esophagus, involuntary smooth muscle contraction, peristalsis |
| When food reaches the distal portion of the esophagus, the ___ between the __ and the ____ relaxes to let food pass into the stomach. | sphincter, esophagus, stomach. |
| after food passes into the stomach the __ contracts, preventing ___ from backing up into the esophagus. | sphincter, stomach acid |
| stomach acid backing up into the esophagus is a condition known as | gastric reflux |
| The stomach has folds called ___ that increase the holding capacity of the stomach to about ___. | rugae, 1 liter |
| ___ the organ between the esophagus and small intestine in which the major portion of digestion occurs. | stomach |
| The mechanical mixing action of the stomach mixes the __ of food with __ to form partially digested liquid called _____. | boluses, gastric juices, chyme |
| __ the semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine | chyme |
| Gastric juice is a mixture of __, __, and ___ secreted by the various __ of the stomach. | mucus, hydrochloric acid, digestive enzymes, cells |
| The chief cells secrete ___ and ____. | pepsinogen, enzyme gastric lipase |
| ____ an inactive form of pepsin used in protein | pepsinogen |
| ___ which digests fats | enzyme gastric lipase |
| The ___ cells secret hydrochloric acid. | parietal |
| ____ converts the inactive pepsinogen to its active pepsin form | hydrochloric acid |
| ___ cells in the gastric lining secrete mucous for protection against the highly acidic hydrogen chloride. | goblet |
| ___ secreted by the stomach also contribute to the process of digestion | hormones |
| the hormone ____ acts to stimulate the secretion of the gastric juices. | gastrin |
| The hormone ___ stimulates the appetite and promotes storage of fats. | ghrelin |
| The stomach performs several functions it stores food ___, continues the processes of __ and ___ (enzymatic) digestion, and controls the movement of ___ into the duodenum of the small intestine. | boluses, mechanical and chemical, chyme |
| The ____ is approximately 18 feet in length and has a large surface area created by repeated ___ within its walls. Which enhances __ and ____. | small intestine, folds, digestion and absorption |
| The small intestine is divided into three major regions and they are ___, ___ and ___. | duodenum, Jejunum, and ileum |
| The ____ is the short section attached to the pyloric sphincter of the stomach. | duodenum |
| As chyme leaves the stomach, it is acted upon by enzymes from the __, ___ and ____. | liver, gall bladder, and pancreas. |
| ___ the organ that produces bile, regulates glycogen storage, and performs other bodily functions. | liver |
| ___ the organ that stores bile | gall bladder |
| ___ the gland of the digestive and endocrine systems that produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juices. | pancreas |
| The ___ produces alkaline bile secreted via the gall bladder to aid in the emulsification and breakdown of ___. | liver, fats. |
| The ___ secretes pancreatic juice, which is a mixture of __, ___, ____, and many digestive ____. | pancreas, water, salts, bicarbonate, and enzymes. |
| The ____ neutralizes acidic chyme, and the ____ digestion of fats by __, starches by __ and proteins by __ are completed in he ____. | bicarbonate, enzymatic, lipase, amylase, trypsin, duodenum |
| The pancreas is also an __ gland. | endorine |
| The pancreas secretes the hormones __ and __ for the control of blood glucose levels. | insulin and glucagon |
| The pancreas also absorbs the nutrients including __ occurs in the multiple folds (___ and ___) of the _ and __ as the chyme is pushed through via ____. | vitamin b12, villi and microvilli, jejunum, and ileum, peristalsis. |
| From the ___, blood carrying nutrients passes to the liver through the ___ portal duct, allowing the liver to metabolize consumed __ and store glucose as ___. | small intestine, hepatic, toxins, glycogen |
| The large intestine includes the __, __, __, and ___. | cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. |
| The chyme leaves the ___ and enters into the __. | ileum, cecum |
| The cecum has a projection known as the ___, which can play a role in the ____. | appendix, immune system. |
| The colon is divided into four sections ___, ____, ____, and ____. | ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid. |
| As undigested food (feces) travels through the colon, __ is absorbed. | water |
| ___ in the colon metabolize the fecal matter via ___ and produces vitamins, such as vitamin __ to be absorbed. | bacteria, fermentation, k |
| Fecal waste accumulates and is stored in the __ until it is ejected through the anus by defecation. | rectum, |
| __ the last section of the large intestine ending with the anus | rectum |
| ___ comprised of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal, it is where vitamins and water are absorbed before feces is stored prior to elimination. | large intestine |
| ___ the opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled. | anus |
| The neuromuscular system incorporates the __ and the ___ system. | nervous and muscular |
| The coordination of the nervous and muscular systems controls and affects every part o the body in ____ functions and in the constant drive to maintain _____. | daily life, homeostasis. |
| The function of the nervous system is to gather information from the __ and ___ environment and communicate any necessary changes to the muscular system. | internal and external |
| The nervous and muscular system function together in part due to the unique features of their ____. | cells |
| Communication is accomplished between the nervous and muscular system via ___ cells called ___ that pass information using an __ nerve impulse. | distinctive, neurons, electrical |
| Information passes through hundreds of __ much like the game telephone until it reaches the final destination of the ___ for an action to be performed. | muscle |
| ___ a bundle of nerve fibers that transmits electrical impulses towards and away from the brain and spinal cord. | nerve |
| ___ Fibrous tissue that producaes force and motion to move the body or produce movement in parts of the body | muscle |
| ____ cells carry out their function via their distinguishing ability to ___. | muscle, contract |
| The nervous system is divided into the __ and the ___. | central nervous system (CNS), and the Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
| the Central nervous system (CNS) consist of the __ and ___. | brain and spinal cord |
| The brain integrates sensory information received from the __ and __ environment and assembles a motor response. | internal and external |
| The spinal cord is similar to a multilane highway system that connects the ____ to the brain. | Peripheral nervous system. |
| The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of the extensive network of the __ and __ and __ or ___ information away from the brain and spinal cord. | spinal nerves, brain, motor, or efferent |
| The spinal nerves are like the many side roads and alleys that go to every part of our body outside of the ___. In this way the brain has access to everything that s going on in the body and can make decisions necessary to keep __ balance via __ reactions | CNS, homeostatic, muscle |
| Once a stimulus is processed in the CNS, the peripheral motor nerves send efferent impulses to both the __ and __ division of the nervous system to carry out a response. | somatic and autonomic |
| The __ division is voluntary and controls the skeletal muscles of the body. | somatic |
| Humans consciously control this system and can decide which muscles to contract or relax at any given time, allowing us to regulate when and how we move. This is called ___ | Somatic |
| The ___ or ___ division is involuntary and controls the visceral or cardiac muscles of organ systems like the digestive and cardiovascular systems without our conscious planning. | autonomic or visceral |
| Once we have chewed and swallowed using the ____ _____pathway of our neuromuscular system, we then turn control over to the ___ __ pathway for digestion. | somatic voluntary, autonomic involuntary |
| We do not need to plan or control ___ of food once its eaten, nor do we have to think about breathing or keeping our heart beating at the correct rate while __ is occurring. | digestion, digestion |
| The information gathered, processed, and passed to muscles travels as electrical impulses of the nervous system along specialized cells called ____ | neurons. |
| The anatomy of a typical neuron includes a ___, the main part of the cell containing the nucleus and most organelles, and __that extend from the body. | cell body, nerve fibers |
| The nerve fibers are __ and ___. | dendrites and axons |
| __ are receptor extensions that receive nerve impulses. | dendrites |
| An __ is a long singular tall-like extension which sends impulses from the neuron body to the branching axon terminal. | Axon |
| All nerve impulses travel in this __ direction. | one-way |
| all nerve impulses travel in this one-way direction: from __ to the ___ and then down the ____. | dendrites, cell body, axon |
| A stimulus is picked up at the ___ and sent through the cell body along the __ to the terminal branches. | dendrites, axon |
| Once the nerve impulse reaches the __ terminal, it stimulates the release of chemical neurotransmitters into a gap structure known as the ____ | axon, synapse |
| The __ is the structure that allows neurons to pass signals on to other neurons, muscles, or glands. | synapse |
| The neurotransmitters secreted into the ___ are picked up by the next cell causing the continuation or inhibition of the impulses. | synapse |
| __ neurons carry afferent impulses towards the CNA, and motor neurons carry efferent impulses from the CNS out to muscles. | Sensory |
| __ are bundles of nerve fibers- axons and dendrites- and therefore contain both afferent and efferent impulses. | spinal nerves |
| When an ___ axon terminal synapses with a muscle cell, stimulation of a muscle contraction can occur. | efferent |
| __ are fibrous tissue with the unique ability to shorten or contract to move body parts and then to relax back to their original length. | Muslces |
| ____ are bundled in a similar fashion as nerves. | Muscles |
| While nerves are bundles of fibers, a muscle, like your bicep, consists of bundles of ___ or ____. | muscle fibers or cells |
| The muscle fibers in turn contain countless smaller ___. | myofibrils. |
| The myofibrils have two types o contractile protein filaments: the thinner __ and thicker ____. | actin, myosin |
| These contractile protein filaments for muscles are arranged in overlapping ___. | bands |
| A ___ is the repeating contractile unit of a ___ muscle and is delineated by these bands of myosin and actin filaments. | sacromere, skeletal muscle |
| ___ means contracting unit of a muscle | sacromere |
| When the axon terminal secretes the chemical neurotransmitter at the ___ of a neuromuscular junction, it stimulates the muscle to contract. | synapse |
| ____ occurs when the thin actin filaments slide past the thicker myosin filaments, causing the sarcomere unit to shorten or contract. | contraction |
| The actin and myosin filaments in a muscle do not short themselves but shorten the length of the ___ by sliding past one another. | sarcomere |
| ___, the chemical energy of all cells, is used to cause the contraction and is also necessary for the ____ of the muscle. | ATP, relaxation |
| Many muscle fibers must contract in a unified pattern to cause a ____ for movement of a body part. | fluid muscle contraction |
| Each ___ supplies signals to several up to hundreds of muscle fibers. | neuron |
| In the ____ system, the fine motor control used in hand and eye muscles requires connections of __ to __ muscle fibers per neuron. | somatic, 3-6 |
| For the more powerful contractions of muscles in the leg or arm, there can be connections of __ muscle fibers per neuron. | 1,000 |
| The ___ division of the neuromuscular system controls the contraction and relaxation of __ reflexes. | autonomic, visceral |
| the heartbeat, the mechanical propulsion and breakdown of food are examples of neuromuscular control by the ___ | autonomic nervous system |
| Disorders of the neuromuscular system can involve __ or __ the nervous and muscle systems. | either or both |
| __ response to nerve impulse can be affected by an injury to the muscle and/or its supporting ligaments and tendons. | muscle |
| a ___ comprises the stretching or tearing of the muscle and a sprain is an injury to the accompanying support ligaments and tendons of a muscle. | muscle strain |
| the neuromusclular junction is compromised in a condition called ____ commonly known as ____ | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Lou Gehrig disease |
| In Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) also known as Lou Gehrug diseasse the ___ neurons degenerate and die, leading to loss of ___ muscle movement. | motor, voluntary |
| __ is a group of genetic disorders in which abnormal genes interfere with the production of ____ needed to form healthy muscles. | Muscular dystrophy, proteins |
| Whiles the nerves are not affected in muscular dystrophy, muscles progressively __ and weaken | degenerate |
| Unlike ALS with muscular dystrophy both ___ and __ muscles are compromised. | voluntary and involuntary |
| ___ cells for ex are muscle, bone and skin. when new cells are needed they go through __ cellular division. | body, mitotic. |
| sex cells are also called ___ | gametes |
| male gametes are __ and female gametes are ___. | sperm, ovum (eggs) |
| the uniting of the sperm and egg nuclei during fertilization recombines a full set of genetic material for the formation of a __ | zygote. |
| gonads= | testes |
| testes are held in the scrotal sac called __ | scrotum |
| the sac holds the sperm outside of the body which helps regulate the __ necessary fr the sperm to mature | cooler temp. |
| the sperm mature in the ____, which is a tightly coiled tube on the back of each testis. | epididmyis |
| during sexual arousal mature sperm are transported from the ___ through the duct system of the ___. From there they pass through the __ gland where the nutrients and lubricating fluids are added. | epididmyis, vas deferens, prostate gland |
| the ___ is the primary external sexual organ of the male | penis |
| At orgasm, semen is expelled from the urethra of the penis by the _____ contractions of ejaculation. | rhythmic muscular |
| the females gonads are the | ovaries |
| baby is considered full term at | 40 weeks |
| The ___ is the master control gland in the endocrine system. | pituitary gland |
| at the onset of puberty the pituitary gland secretes ___ and ___. | follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone |
| In a male the Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) promotes the production of ___ and Luteinizing hormone (LH) controls the production of the ____ | sperm, testosterone |
| FSH promotes the appearance of __ in females. | hair, mammary glands, and menstrual cycle. |
| periods are approx every ___ | 28 days |
| an ovary contains many immature eggs, each in a fluid-filled structure called a ___ | graafian follicle. |
| ___ saclike structure that contains and allows for maturation of the female ovum (egg) within the ovary | follicle |
| The swell of the LH (Luteinizing hormone) causes ____, a rupturing of the egg from the follicle. | ovulation |
| The corpus luteum secreted the hormone ___ | progesterone |
| The main organ of the integumentary system is the ___ | skin |
| The skin (integumentary) is made of three layers and is imbedded with accessory structures such as ___, __, and ___. | glands, hair, nails |
| The three layers of the skin are ___, ___, and ____. | epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. |
| the outer layer of skin is the ___. | epidermis |
| The epidermis consists of ___ stratified __ epithelial tissue | keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue |
| __ migrate from the deeper region to the exterior surface of the __ as they age. during this time, they become more __, slough off, and are replaced by younger __. | Cells, epidermis, flattened, cells |
| around ___, the tubes from which hair grows, the epidermis dips down into the middle layer called the ___. | hair follicles, dermis |
| The histology of the dermis is ___ tissue rather than epithelial tissue. | connective |
| Typical of these two kinds of tissues, the epidermis is ___, while the dermis contains __ and ___. | avascular, capillaries, and small blood vessels. |
| avascular is | lack of blood vessels |
| Another name for the dermis is the ____ layer. | cutaneous |
| __ and ___ layer is used to refer to the deepest layer of the skin, | hypodermis or subcutaneous |
| The two major types of hypodermis tissue are both of the ____: which are __ and ___ tissue. | loose connective category, areolar and adipose |
| Within the loose connective category the hypodermis is highly ___ and below the hypodermis is the ___ layer. | vascular, muscle |
| hair is generated by __ cells at the base of the hair follicles. Hair acquires oil from the ___ glands that surround hair follicles. | epithelial, sebaceous |
| This oil is technically known as ___, and it moisturizes both hair and skin, keeping the __ flexible and water-resistant. | sebum, keratin |
| Sebum is also produced by ___ glands, accessory structures only found in the dermis of the external ear canal. | ceruminous |
| Sebum from ___ glands combines with dead epithelial cells to form cerumen, more commonly known as ear wax. | ceruminous |
| Another gland in physical association with the hair follicle is the ___. | apocrine sweat gland. |
| The secretion from the aprocrine sweat gland also referred to as ____ glands has an odor that may act as a sex pheromone in humans. | sweat |
| ___ sweat has a higher concentration of fatty acids than other sweat. As a result, when bacteria use ___ sweat components as nutrients they quickly change its odor to one of rancid ___ a body odor that is found disagreeable to most people. | Apocrine, apocrine, fatty acids |
| Sweat produced by ____ sweat glands ( also known as ___ sweat glands) has a different composition. | eccrine, merocrine |
| Unlike most other exocrine glands of the skin,_____ sweat glands deliver their secretions directly to the external surface of the ___. | eccrine, epidermis |
| The main role of eccrine sweat is _____. Therefore, in contrast to apocrine sweat glands, eccrine sweat glands are found throughout the dermis of the human body. | thermoregulation |
| the primary six functions of the integumentary system. | 1. removes metabolic wastes, 2. synthesizes vit D, 3. communication 4. sensory tool 5. protection to body 6. main organ of temp regulation |
| The integumentary system uses two primary means for thermoregulation: __ and ___ | perspiration and diameter changes of blood vessels |
| There are temperature sensors (thermoreceptors) in both the ___ and ___. | hypothalamus and skin |
| The thermoreceptors in the skin provide information to the ___, which it uses to act as the body's thermostat. When the ___ perceives that body temp is too high, it stimulates ___. | hypothalamus, hypothalamus, cutaneous vasodilation |
| The increase in blood vessel ___ in the skin allows more blood to flow near the surface of the body, so that body heat carried by the blood is transferred to the external environment. | diameter |
| If ______ is not sufficient to lower body temp into a ____ range, the ____ stimulates ___ production. | cutaneous vasodilation, homeostatic, hypothalamus, sweat |
| As the perspiration on the surface of the skin dries, it lowers body temperature through ___ cooling. | evaporative |
| Shivering is a response caused by the ___ when the body is below its ___ temperature. These fast alternating contractions of muscle occur below the skin. | hypothalamus, hmeostatic |
| Within the skin, ___ muscles tense with chilling temperature and cause hair to bristle. | arrector pili muscles |
| The contraction of these cutaneous smooth muscles generate ___, which is trapped within the insulated airspace created when hair "stands on end". | heat |
| The practical effect of ____ on heat generation and retention is minimal for humans compared to other mammals. A more effective means of retaining heat is triggered when the hypothalamus causes ___ in the skin. | arrector pili, vasoconstriction |
| _____ reduces the amount of blood traveling close to the surface of the body, thus decreasing heat loss through the skin, | cutaneous vasoconstriction |
| the integumentary system is the external aspect of the ____. | innate immune system |
| Cerumen, hair, and mucus trap particles that can contain ____. When epidermal cells shed, potentially ____ microbes fall away from the body too. | pathogens, pathogenic |
| The epidermal water barrier maintained by ____ and ___, a tough protein made by epithelial ____, helps to prevent the body from dehydration. | sebum and keratin, keratinocytes, |
| __ and ___ in sebum and sweat encourage a low PH that inhibits growth of bacteria. | Lactic and fatty acids |
| sweat also contains ___ substances. | antibacterial |
| Another way that the integumentary protects the body is by serving as a large surface area for __ of waste material such as mineral __ and __. Lastly the skin shields deeper tissue from a portion of the harmful ___ from the sun. | excretion, salts, urea, ultraviolet radiation |
| In the skin, sensory receptors of the nervous system are activated in response to stimuli that is perceived as sensations, including __, __, and ___. | pressure, heat, and pain |
| The ___ system is a set of organs that secretes hormones directly into the ___ system. | endocrine, circulatory |
| The action of the endocrine system relies upon blood circulation to transport ___, chemical messengers secreted by ductless glands, to the cells and organs on which they have an effect (target sites). | hormones |
| because blood flow is employed to transmit hormones from glad to target organ, it takes longer for a ___- releasing stimulus to cause a regulatory response than it takes the neurons of the nervous system to initiate a response. | hormone |
| However ___ remain in the blood stream after a neuron's signal has ended. | hormones |
| ___ a polar, water-soluble hormone released by the adrenals in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline. | epinephrine |
| the ___ is unique among organs in the body because it secretes both enzymes and hormones. | pancreas |
| one endocrine role of the pancreas is to release __, a hormone that triggers the uptake of glucose into cells thus lowering blood glucose levels. | insulin |
| The same cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin also detect levels of ___. | glucose |
| ___ cells are able to adjust the amount of insulin they secrete in proportion to the amount of blood glucose they detect. ____ cells of the pancreas are also able to detect blood glucose levels. | Beta. Alpha |
| When glucose levels are too low, ___ cells secrete a different hormone, ____. This hormone stimulates its target cells in the liver to convert hepatic glycogen stores into __ and release that glucose into the blood. | alpha, glucagon, glucose |
| Both kind of pancreatic cells (alpha and beta) producing each of these hormones regulate blood sugar amounts through ___. In other words, hormone secretion is stopped when a ____ level of blood glucose is detected. | negative feedback, homeostatic |
| ____ is a disease that results from a pancreatic hormone regulation malfunction. | Diabetes |
| ____ pathologically high blood sugar levels. | diabetes |
| The ____ is a location in the brain that is an integration center between the endocrine and nervous system. | hypothalamus |
| The ____ produces releasing hormones that stimulate and inhibiting ___ that restrict the production of several hormones produced by the anterior __. | hypothalamus, hormones, pituitary |
| the anterior pituitary secretes growth ___. whose production by the anterior pituitary is stimulated or suppressed by specific releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones secreted by the ____. | hormone, hypothalamus |
| Thyroid hormone's release from the thyroid gland is initiated by an anterior pituitary secretion called ___ (TSH). | thyroid stimulating hormone |
| The release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is triggered by the presence of ____ secreted by the hypothalamus. | thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) |
| The presence of TH (thyroid hormone) in the bloodstream causes negative feedback inhibition on the release of both ___ (from the pituitary) and ____ from the hypothalamus. | TSH and TRH |
| A malfunction of the TH regulatory feedback loops leading to the overproduction of thyroid hormone is called ___. | hyperthyroidism |
| ____ causes an increase in the secretion of a hormone, rather than cessation at a homeostatic set point or range. | Positive feedback |
| melatonin is a hormone that plays a role in maintaining circadian rhythms is produced by the ___ in the center of the brain. | pineal gland |
| Follicle stimulating hormone FSH which is secreted by the anterior pituitary stimulates development of __ in ovaries and __ in testes. | eggs, sperm |
| steroid hormones are made from | cholesterol |
| The thymus is a gland located behind the | manubrium |
| The thymus is also called the lymphoid organ and it is the place where the immune systems ___ are produced | T-cells |
| the _____ is a small grouping of usually four bean-shaped endocrine glands on the dorsal aspect of the thyroid gland. | parathyroid |
| The ___ secretes __ when plasma calcium levels are low (__). | parathyroid, PTH, hypocalcemia |
| the ___ plays a role in the regulation of plasma calcium levels. | parathyroid |
| Parathyroid hormone indirectly activates ___ causing the reorportion of calcium from bones. This hormone also works in the excretory system to increase plasma calcium levels by inhibiting the __ ability to transfer calcium ions to urine. | osteoclasts, kidney's |
| epinephrine also known as adrenal regulates __ and __ | heart rate and blood pressure |
| the primary organ of the urinary system is the | kidneys |
| The kidney includes structures where ___ is filtered, locations where filtered material can be reabsorbed by blood, and places where what is not reabsorbed collects as ____ | blood, urine |
| In addition to blood vessels that bring blood to and from the kidney, a system of __ allows for collection and re absorption of filtrate, the collection of urine from the kidneys, urine storage, and its excretion. | tubes |
| The functional units of the kidney are microscopic ___. The kidney is divided into 2 major regions: the __ and the ___. | nephrons, renal cortex, renal medulla. |
| ___ the outer layer of the kidney | renal cortex |
| __ the innermost part of the kidney | renal medulla |
| within the renal cortex is the __ of the nephron. | glomerulus |
| the ___ is a network of capillaries where blood pressure pushes water, salt, glucose, amino acids, and urea from the blood. | glomerulus |
| all of the material leaving the blood through the walls of the glomerular capillaries is called the ____. | filtrate. |
| ___ is collected by the bowman's capsule, which surrounds the glomerulus. From the _____ capsule, filtrate moves into a highly convoluted tubule before dipping down into the level of the kidney's medulla. | filtrate, bowman's, |
| ___ a cup like structure that surrounds and collects filtrate from the glomerulus | bowman's capsule |
| ____ the first location where glucose and other useful solutes are reabsorbed back into the blood through the walls of surrounding capillaries. it connects the bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle. | proximal tubule |
| After the ___ dips down into the renal medulla, the remaining filtrate flows through the switch back bend of the loop of Henle, then continues back into the ___ through the distal tubule. | proximal tubule, cortex |
| the loop of henle and distal tubule are also sites of ___, movement of useful material from filtrate back into the bloodstream. | tubular reabsorption |
| During tubular re absorption, ___ pressure causes more than 80% of the water in filtrate to return to the blood plasma. | osmotic |
| Additional water is reabsorbed from filtrate that has continued from the distal tubule into the _____. | collecting duct. |
| In the renal __, distal ___ from numerous nephrons empty into each collecting duct. | cortex, tubules |
| As the collecting ducts transport the contained liquid on its second journey through the ___, the remaining filtrate has its final opportunity for water reabsorption. Here the filtrate becomes more concentrated as ___ | medulla, urine |
| Collecting ducts join and empty their urine into the __ of the kidney. This is the center of the kidney, where urine collects before moving into the ___, the duct that will bring urine to the bladder. There is one ureter descending from each kidney. | renal pelvis, ureter, |
| The ___ is a hollow muscular organ that holds __ to __ ml of urine. | urinary bladder, 400-800 |
| The urinary bladder contains sensors that communicate with the ___. When the bladder is full of urine, a signal from the ___ portion of the NS relaxes the internal sphincter. | central nervous system, autonomic, |
| a ___ controlled external sphincter in the urinary bladder opens during urination, allowing urine to flow into the ____. | voluntarily, urethra. |
| The ___ carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. in males the urethra passes through the ___. Females have a much __ urethra. | urethra, penis, shorter |
| the kidneys have three major functions and they are | 1. filter metabolic waste from blood 2. regulate electrolyte and fluid balance in blood 3. blood volume in the cardiovascular system |
| The influence on fluid balance by the kidneys affects the __ volume in the cardiovascular system, resulting in changes in blood __ and ____ | blood, flow rate, blood pressure |
| Kidneys are primarily responsible for filtering blood coming from the ___ and leaving the kidney by way of the ___. | renal artery, renal vein |
| The organs of filtration (kidneys) also stabilize ___ in the body, | water balance |
| To accomplish both of these tasks, structures within the nephron control diffusion of particular ___ and ___ (movement of water). after the solutes and water have been collected from the glomerulus. | solutes and osmosis, |
| The amount of filtrate collected into the Bowman's capsule is regulated be the blood pressure within the ___. The pressure is generally held constant regardless of changes in ____. | glomerulus, systemic blood pressure. |
| As the filtrate moves through the proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule, and then the collection duct, reabsorption permits regulated amounts of certain useful __ and __ to reenter the blood. In the process, kidneys create __ urine. | solutes and water, waste-laden |
| waste removed from the blood by the kidneys includes excess __ and ___. Also excreted are cellular ___ and substances acquired from the environment that have the potential to poison the body. | electrolytes and water, byproducts, |
| Three metabolic byproducts of the kidneys that must be kept at low levels in the blood are ____ wastes: __, __, and ___. | nitrogenous, urea, uric acid, and creatinine |
| Hormones, drugs, excess hydrogen ions and some toxins acquired from the environment are also removed from our blood by the ___. Then, they are eliminated from our body through ___. | kidney, urination |
| The kidneys regulate how much __ is lost from our body to urine | water |
| This process is primarily influenced by the amount of __ in the blood. This solute enters the filtrate from the glomerulus, but returns to the blood, with the sodium ions leading the ___. | sodium chloride (NaCl), chloride ions |
| The amount of their reabsorption affects ____. consequently, the amount of water reabsorption is dependent on this ___. a common phrase for remembering this concept is ____. | osmotic pressure, osmotic pressure, where sodium goes, water follows. |
| Blood is the vehicle that carries ___ and ___ water to our kidneys. | ingested and metabolic |
| Because ______ causes reduced blood volume, it lowers ______ as a result. Conversely if more than enough water is taken into body, ___ (and blood pressure) rises until mechanisms are engage to bring water levels closer to a ___ range. | dehydration, blood pressure, blood volume, homeostatic |
| One such mechanism is for collecting ducts of the kidneys to lose their ability to permit __, causing urine to become more ___. | water reabsorption, dilute |
| When blood pressure is out of the ____ range, and it is not caused by dehydration or over-hydration, kidneys are employed by the cardiovascular system to return __ to healthy levels. | homeostatic, blood pressure |
| If blood pressure drops, one way it can be returned to homeostasis is by increasing ___ through the reabsorption of water from ____ tubule filtrate. | blood volume, renal |
| In the ____-___-____ system, low blood pressure causes an increase in water reabsorption along with other mechanisms that raise blood pressure. | renin-angiotensin-aldosterone |
| ____ is an enzyme released by the kidneys when reduced blood pressure is detected by baroreceptors in the __ and __ arteries. | Renin, aorta and carotid |
| renin creates _____ from angiotensinogen produced by the liver. | angiotensin l |
| The lungs and kidneys produce an enzyme that converts angiotension l to ____. | Angiotensin ll |
| _____ acts to restore blood volume and blood pressure by constricting blood vessels, stimulating thirst, and stimulating production of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone. | angiotensin ll |
| ____ is a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that increases reabsorption of sodium ions | aldosterone |
| Aldosterone leads to an increase in reabsorption of __ and ___. the other secretion stimulated by angiotensin ll and antidiuretic hormone. | chloride ions and water |
| ____ any substance that causes water to be lost from the body through urination. | diuretic |
| ____ is secreted by the pituitary gland, and it increases the amount of water able to be reabsorbed from the collecting duct. | antidiuretic hormone |
| The effects of ___ and ___ hormone are increase blood volume while decreasing water lost from the body in urine. | aldosterone and antidiuretic |
| The immune system responds to substances on the surfaces of agents that the body perceives as foreign these substances are called _____. | antigens. |
| ___ serve as identification badges that allow the immune system to detect agents that are genuinely dangerous to the body what are known as _____. | antigens, pathogens |
| ____ are the immune systems response to foreign agents that are not pathogens. If the immune system mistakes part of the body as a pathogen, the resulting pathology is considered an _____. | allergies, autoimmune disease. |
| ___ an immune response to a foreign agent that is not a pathogen | allergies |
| ___ a pathology that results from the immune system mistaking part of the body as a pathogen | autoimmune disease |
| other incompatibilities generated by the immune system are responsible for __ and __ rejection. | organ and tissue |
| ___ a collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular responses that serve an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens | innate immune system |
| ___ live on the skin and other substrates lining areas in contact with the external environment, such as the digestive system, respiratory system, and parts of the female reproductive system, | normal bacterial floral |
| ____ microscopic organisms that live in or on the human body without causing it harm | commensal microorganisms |
| ___ a substance that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms with minimal damage to the host | antimicrobial |
| in case of laceration, bacteria and viruses entering through the cute will encounter specific kinds of white blood cells that ingest pathogens by ____. | phagocytosis |
| One type of large phagocytic white blood cell is the ____ | macrophage. |
| After consuming the pathogen, the _____ is able to put parts of the ingested antigens on its cell membrane to alert patrolling ____ | macrophage, t cells |
| When a macrophage takes on this role, it is called an ___. ___ and __ can also function as APCs | antigen-presenting cell, dendritic cells, b cells |
| another function of macrophages is to produce cell signaling molecules ___ that broadcasts the location of pathogens to other white blood cells. | cytokines |
| ____ cell signaling molecules released primarily by helper t cells and macrophages. certain cytokines activate cytotoxic t cells | cytokines |
| Other cells of the innate immune system produce ___, which is a white blood cell secretion that triggers capillary permeability and vasodilation. | histamine |
| The effects of histamine make it easier for more white blood cells to leak from ____ into the area in need of defense. | capillaries |
| ___ is the resulting redness, swelling, heat, and pain in an area of defense by innate immunity. | inflammation |
| If the pathogens at the site are viruses, some types of white blood cells are able to secret ___ that inhibit virus replication. | interferons |
| if something is ___ it is inherent at birth | innate |
| the body's third line of defense is the ___, a collection of cellular responses triggered by the internal presence of specific antigens. | adaptive immune system |
| ____ develops specific defenses to particular antigens. Because each defense is unique, adaptive deals with perceived pathogens at a _____. | adaptive immune system, slower rate |
| One the defense is created in adaptive immune system a ___ of that defense is able to trigger a fast response when the antigen is present again. | cellular memory |
| ____ are a category of white blood cells that include ____, ___, ___, and what t cells become. | lymphocytes, natural killer cells, b-cells, and t-cells. |
| t-cells undergo maturation in the ___. | thymus |
| in the presence of an antigen, the mature t-cells become activated into ___, ___, and ___. | helper t-cells, cytotoxic t cells, and memory cells. |
| ____ secrete interleukins, chemical messengers that trigger the action of other cells. one of these actions is the attack of foreign cells by the ___ | helper t-cells, cytotoxic t-cells |
| T-cells that become ___ respond so quickly to an antigen upon re-exposure that the body is immune to developing symptoms from the associated pathogen the second time. | memory cells |
| These t-cells are involved in ____, a type of adaptive immunity in which ___ attack parasitic worms, cancer cells, transplanted tissues, or cells that contain pathogens. | cell-mediated immunity, t lymphocytes |
| one of the critical roles of helper t-cell is to activate ___, lymphocytes that mature in __ and make antibodies in response to antigens. | b-cells, bone marrow, |
| the b-cells multiply rapidly into cells called ___ that produce and secrete large amounts of an antibody against a specific antigen. | plasma cells |
| ___ also called ___ are blood proteins that have a variable region that fits a specific antigen. These antibodies tag pathogens for later destruction. This kind of adaptive immunity is called ____ also known as ____. | antibodies, immunoglobulins, antibody-mediated immunity, humoral immunity |
| temporary ___ can be gained naturally through the ___ or __ or artificially by receiving a serum containing antibodies. | passive immunity, placenta or breast milk |
| ___ is protection against a specific pathogen resulting from the body's production of antibodies in response to the presence of its ___. | active immunity, antigens |
| ____ production can be caused by the body's immune response to an infection. a __ which is a solution of dead or weakened pathogens can also be introduced into the body for the purpose of stimulating antibody production against that pathogen. | antibody, vaccine, |
| ____ hard calcified material that makes up the skeleton | bone |
| ___ maintain bone and their thin cellular projections sense ___ on bone | osteocytes, physical stresses |
| ___ make bone | osteoblasts |
| ___ break bone down | osteoclasts |
| ___ performed by _____ removes calcium from bone so it can enter the blood stream. | mineral resorption, osteoclasts |
| ____ use calcium to communicate with each other and rely upon its presence in extracellular fluid for normal ___ inhibition | neurons, muscle contraction |
| sufficient deficits in plasma calcium (___) causes tetany, an ___ and continuous contraction of skeletal muscle. | hypocalcemia, involuntary |
| blood clotting and other vital metabolic reactions require ____ | calcium |
| ____ liberate calcium from bone-bound reserves. When too much calcium is depleted from bone, ___ results: bones porous of mineral that are weak and brittle. | osteoclasts, osteoporosis, |
| ___ a disease that causes brittle fragile bones | osteoporosis |
| Osteoblast secretions allow ___ in bones, a process that is inhibited elsewhere in the body. This mineral deposition is in the form of ___ (a calcium phosphate salt) | mineralization, hyroxyapatite |
| ____ produce a highly organized _____ to which extracellular hydroxyapatite binds. | osteoblasts, collagen matrix |
| ___ tough flexible connective tissue found in parts of the body such as the ear. | collagen |
| ____ gives bone flexibility while the minerals that encrust those fibers give them strength. | collagen protein |
| another disease ____ also know as ____ the symptoms result from the genetically-based corruption of bones collagen matrix. | brittle bone disease, osteogenesis imperfecta |
| the ____ is organized into long concentric layers called ___, like the growth rings of a tree. | mineral-laden collagen matrix, lamellae |
| Between each lamella are microscopic _____ or ___ where bone cells reside. | pockets, lacunae |
| Cell communication between the ___ occurs through microscopic tunnels, ___ which transverse lamellae. | lacunae, canaliculi |
| A grouping of concentric lamellae is called an __ and contains a central canal within its innermost ring. | osteon |
| The ____ (___) are passageways for nerves and blood vessels. The Haversian canals and their contents, running parallel within the center of each osteon, connect by way of perpendicular and oblique ___ (___) canals. | central Haversian canals, perforating (Volksmanns) canals |
| Compared to the ___ (___) bone that makes up the bone plates of the skull and the periphery of most other bones, ____ bone has few osteons. | compact (dense), spongy |
| The ___ bone contained within compact bone allows bone to be lighter and serves as a location for ___ to reside. | spongy, bone marrow |
| ___ is a site of blood formation and plays a role in the immune system | red bone marrow |
| ___ present within the medullary cavity of adult long bones, is primarily composed of ___. | yellow bone marrow, adipose |
| The longest long bone of the adult body is the ___, so it contains the largest amount of __ bone marrow. | femur, yellow |
| The components of the skeletal system provide ___, ___, and __ attachment points that facilitate motion. | leverage, articulations, soft tissue |
| ___ those that have a pronounced longitudinal axis, provide the mechanical advantages of levers where they articulate with other bones. | long bones |
| ____ a joint that allows for flexion and extension of the more distal bone along only one plane | hinge joint |
| __ is found in elbow and knee and allows flexion and extension of the more distal bone along only one plane. | hinge joint |
| The shoulders and hips are locations where ___ articulate with other bones in ___. | long bones, ball and socket joints |
| In addition, ball and socket joints allow for ___, ___, ___, and __ of the associated long bone | abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation |
| ___ are wrist, ankles, and patella, have a width similar to their height and articulate as gliding joints. | short bones |
| A third category of bones are ___ some such as the plates of the skull connect with each other at fused joints called ___. Bones that do not fit into short, long or flat bone shape categories are called ___ bones. | flat bones, sutures, irregular |
| ___ joints such as those between the plates of the skull that do not allow motion | sutures |
| ___ the primary structural protein of connective tissue | cartilage |
| Articulation of the skeleton is made possible through its association with soft tissue ___, ___, ____, and the ____ that covers bones. | cartilage, tendons, ligaments, periosteum |
| The ____ of the bone enveloping periosteum microscopically grip into bone and serve as a thin but strong attachment surface for ___ and __. | fibers, tendons and ligaments |
| ___ tough connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone | tendons |
| ___ a tough connective tissue that attaches bone to bone | ligaments |
| bone-joint interfaces are protected by a covering of ___. | hyaline cartilage |
| Inflammation and pain of a joint in such a state is called ____ | osteoarthritis. |
| A similar condition that also causes joint inflammation and pain is ____. However this is caused by an ___ reaction rather than wear and tear at the joint | rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune |
| ___ cartilage is also involved in the bone elongation that happens at the ___ (also called the ___). | hyaline, epiphyseal plate, growth plate |
| An ___ line develops when the plate area stops producing cartilage. | epiphyseal |
| ____ is the resulting short stature of individuals when the epiphyseal plate stops growing at a premature age. | achondroplastic dwarfism |
| The skeleton can be thought of as having two major divisions the __ and ___. | axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton |
| The ___ skeleton consists of a skull that shields the brain, a thoracic cage of ribs and sternum that shelters the heart and lungs, and a series of vertebrae in which the spinal cord resides | axial skeleton |
| The axial skeleton plays a major role in __ and ____. | metabolism and movement |
| in the skull, the mandible articulates with the temporal bone to allow for the motions of ___ (__) | mastication (chewing) |
| sinuses inside the __, __, __, and __ bones are mucous membrane-lined cavities connecting with the nasal cavity | frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary |
| The tiniest bones in the skull are the three ___ in the middle ears. | auditory ossicles |
| the ___ is a point of tongue and larynx attachment, and it is unique in being the only bone that is not connected to the rest of the skeleton. | hyoid bone |
| The vertebral column is made of three groups of similarly shaped bones __, __, and ___. | cervical, thoracic, and lumbar |
| on the cranial end of the vertebral column is __ also known as the ___. | cervical C1, atlas. |
| The C1 or atlas is the rocker between __ and the ___ of the skull that allows for the __ motion of the head | C2 and occipital, yes |
| there are __ cervical vertebrae | 7 |
| C2 is also known as the ___ and it contains a vertical projection into it, a pivot that allows for the __ motion of the head. Between vertebrae are intervertebral discs made of ____. | axis, no, cartilage |
| the upper region of the ___ skeleton includes the pectoral girdle made of a right and left scapula and clavicles. | appendicular |
| upper limbs consist of the __ and a pair of bones called the __ and __ that articulate with the __ of the wrist. The ___ of the palm articulate with the __ of the fingers. | humerus, radius and ulna, carpals, phalanges |
| The lower region of the skeleton includes the left and right hip bones of the pelvic girdle. lower limbs consist of the __ and the __, and __ that articulate with the __ of the foot. between them and the phalanges of the toes are the ___. | femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, and metatarsals |
| ___ is the portion of the skeleton made up of our appendages, the bones of our arms, legs, hands, and feet. | appendicular skeleton |
| ___ is a protein kept in the kidney release is bad | albumin |
| _____- normally found in urine | creatinine |
| ____- normally found in urine (amount depends upon diet and amount of aldosterone) | sodium ions |
| ___ produces thyroid hormone and calcitonin | thyroid |
| ____ releases hormones | hypothalamus |
| ___ produces melatonin | pineal |
| ____- directed by the somatic nervous system | voluntary |
| ____- are involuntary physiological Reponses often provoked by stress | sympathetic |
| ____- primitive brain structure that is involved in memory and emotion | limbic |
| ____- involves process of thought. | cognitive |
| _____- uppermost layer of skin, predominantly composed of dead keratinocytes | stratum corneum |
| ____- contains a layer of keratinocytes filled with colorless protein eleidin, later converted to keratin | stratum lucidum |
| _____-thickest layer of skin containing keratinocytes, immune dendritic cells and sensory cells does not contain melanocytes | stratum spinosum |
| ___- deepest layer of the epidermis and contains melanin-producing cells called melanocytes | stratum basale |
| _____ fibrous protein found in cell membranes | vinculin |
| ___ found in hair and nails and on the outer layer of the skin cells called keratinocytes | keratin |
| ____-found in skin gives it the ability to rebound from being distorted | elastin |
| ____- when hemoglobin in red blood cells does not transport enough oxygen | anemia |
| ____-cancer of white blood cells | leukemia |
| ____-involved in ATP production do not synthesize proteins for secretion | Mitochondria |
| _____-involved in protein production and secretion | lysosomes |
| ______- associated with ribosomes, which synthesize proteins. Therefore an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum allow for the production of protein for secretion | enough endoplasmic reticulum |
| _____-iron containing and absorbs oxygen | hemoglobin |
| ____-oxygen-transporting pigment in muscle | myoglobin |
| _____-released by the autonomic nervous system that causes skeletal muscles to contract | acetylcholine |
| ______-local regulator however, its functions as a vasodilator rather than a muscle contraction | nitric oxide |
| ____-biogenic amine of the central nervous system and typically involved with sleep, mood, attention, and learning. | Dopamine |
| ____-inhibitory neurotransmitter | glycine |
| _____ fluid found in joints | synovium |
| ____- joint between 2 bones | suture |
| ____-air into lungs | inspiration |
| ____-passing air through a liquid | aeration |
| ____-means breathing | ventilation |
| _____-adding more oxygen | oxygenation |
| ____-tissue covering the heart | pericardium |
| ____-tissue covering bones | periosteum |
| _____-cartilaginous joint between 2 bones | symphysis |
| ____-cover the lungs | pleura |
| ____-decreases mechanical stress that results in immobility can lead to demineralization (induces bone growth) | demineralization |
| _____-process of transforming cartilage into bone tissue (increasing bone mass) | ossification |
| ____-curvature of the spine | kyphosis |
| ____-bile production not storage | liver |
| ____ secrets fluid to protect sperm in males) | cowper |
| ______- (sesamoid bones which develop in response to strain.) | patellae |
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