Chapters 9-11
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| axial skeleton | composed of bones along the central axis of the body divided into 3 regions
skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
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| sutures of the skull | coronal suture
squamosal suture
lambdoidal
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| coronal suture | transverse suture in the skull separates frontal bone from parietal bone
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| squamosal suture | arches backward from the pterion, connects the temporal squama and the lower parietal
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| lambdoidal suture | dense connective tissue joint on posterior aspect of the skull connects parietal with occipital
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| What vertebra don't have a body? | cervical vertebra (atlas)
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| flexion | movement that decreses the angle between the articulating bones
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| extension | increasing the articulating angle
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| ball and socket joints | multiaxial joints in which the spherical articulating head of one bone fits into the rounded cuplike socket of a second bone
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| ligamentum teres | "ligament of head of femur"
tiny ligament
originates along acetabulum
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| Where is the pituitary gland housed? | endocrine system
sella turcica of the sphenoid
behind the nose, near the underside of brain
attached to the hypothalamus
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| Functions of the intervertebral discs? | pads of fibrocartilage
1/4 of entire vertebral column length
shock absorbers between the vertebral bodies
permit bending
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| Where is the peritoneal sinuses located? | center of the forehead (frontal bone) just above the eye
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| lordosis | lumbar curvature "swayback" protusion of abdomen and buttocks
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| kyphosis | thoracic curvature directed posteriorly, hunchback, often resulting from osteoporosis
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| scoliosis | most common spinal curvature deformity
abnormal lateral curvature vertebral arch and body fail to form
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| What bone is in direct contact with the 1st metatarsal? | Medial cuneiform
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| The location of the center of gravity in the human body? | lies approximately anterior to the second sacral vertebra but changes constantly with new position
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| inferior orbital fissure bone makeup | junction of maxilla, sphenoid, and zygomatic bones
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| ethmoid bone | 3 but 2 associated (nasal bone)
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| What are hinge joints? | convex feature of one bone fits into concave depression of another
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| What type of joint is symphysis? | has a pad of fibrocartilage between the articulating bones
ex: intervertebral joints
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| What is synovial fluid? | viscous, non-Newtonian fluid found in cavities of synovial joints
reduce friction between articular cartilage of synovial joints
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| muscle that serves as IM injection | deltoid muscle of the arm
vastus lateralis muscle of thigh
ventrogluteal muscle of the hip
dorsogluteal muscle of the buttocks
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| Types of levers | 1st class /ex: scissors
2nd class/ex: wheelbarrow
3rd class/ex: tweezers
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| 1st class lever | fulcrum in middle, betwwen effort and the the resistance
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| 2nd class lever | resistance between fulcrum and the applied effort
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| 3rd class lever | effort is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum
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| What tongue muscle allows you to stick it out? | genioglossus-paired extrinsic muscles of the tongue, major muscle responsible for protruding the tongue
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| muscles involved in wrinkling forehead | frontal belly of occipito frontalis
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| What is a lever? Advantages? | elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point
-ability to alter to change the speed and distance of movement produced by a force, direction of applied force, the force strength
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| muscles that make up the hamstring | -biceps femoris (short head/long head)
-semimembranosus
-semitendinosus
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| What muscle is attached to the calcanean tendon | also called Achilles tendon
gastrocnemius and soleus also known as triceps surae
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| Pennate muscle pattern | feather
fascicles exhibit to some angle with respect to their tendon
-resemble a lg feather
-1 or more tendons extending through their body
-arranged at an oblique angle to tendon
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| What muscle type has 1 nucleus, 0 sacromeres, and rare gap junctions? | multiunit smooth muscle
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| What determines power of muscle? | amount of force a muscle can produce in a single contraction
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| What is an antagonist? | muscle that opposes and reverses the action of another muscle
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| Synergist | muscle that aids another by promoting the same movement
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| fixator | muscle that stabilizes the origin of another muscle
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| agonist | muscle primarily responsible for bringing about a particular movement
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| Type of muscle found around openings around circular muscles | orbicularis oris muscle encircles the opening of the mouth
ex: sphincter muscles
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| Muscle responsible got torticollis (wryneck) | newborn presents with a shortened and tightened sternocleidomastoid muscle
-causes hematoma and fibrosing of the muscle tissue
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| Muscle responsible for sucking and whistling | Buccinator
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| Muscle responsible for respiration | diaphragm
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| What is auricular orbital? |
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| Hyoid bone muscle associations | suprahyoid (anterior)- superior to hyoid
infrahyoid (inferior)- inferior to the hyoid
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| suprahyoid muscles | act as a group to elevate the hyoid bone during swallowing or speaking
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| infrahyoid | contract to influence the position of the hyoid bone and the larynx
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| muscles that make up the compartment of the thigh | anterior-lg quadriceps femoris and Sartorius
medial-gracilis
posterior-biceps femoris, semimembranosus semitendinosus
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| Paralysis and can't flex thigh What muscle is involved? | tensor fasciae latae
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| Anatomy and physiology of muscle | composed of skeletal muscle fibers, connective tissue layers, blood vessels , and nerves
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| fascicles | muscle fibers that are organized in bundles
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| Connective tissue | epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
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| epimysium | a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole skeletal muscle
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| perimysium | surrounds the fascicles
dense irregular connective tissue sheath of the perimysium contains extensive rays of blood vessels and nerves
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| endomysium | the innermost connective tissue layer
delicate
areolar connective tissue layer that surrounds and electrically insulates each muscle fiber
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| tendon | thick, cordlike structure composed of dense regular connective tissue
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| aponeurosis | wide broad flattened sheet of dense irregular tissue
ex: epicranial aponeuroses
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| deep fascia | visceral or muscular fascia
an additional expansive sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that is external to the epimysium
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| superficial fascia | deep fascia is internal or deep
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| vascularized skeletal muscle | extensive network of blood vessels
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| innervated skeletal muscle | functionally connected to and controlled by motor neurons
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| muscle functions | movement, stabilizing, storing and moving substances throughout the body, heat generation
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| 3 types of skeletal muscles | red/ slow- slow twitch fibres
red/fast- fast oxidation fibres
white/fast- fast glycolytic fibres
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| Z-disc | the ends of one sarcomere
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| I band | place where you can only see thin filaments
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| A band | length of thick filament
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| H zone | only can see thick filament
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| M line | middle of sarcomere, holds thick filament in place
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| myosin | binding site for ATP and actin
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| actin | myosin bonding site, in thin myofilaments
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| tropomyosin | covers myosin binding sites
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| troponin | Tnl(actin )
Tnt(Tropomyosin)
ThC(Calcium)
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| action potential | calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum into sarcoplasm
calcium binds to TnC
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| myofibrils | rod like unit of a muscle
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| refractory period | period of lost excitability after stimulus is applied
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| what is rigor mortis? | stiffening of the joints and muscles of the body a few hours after death, usually lasting from one to 4 days
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| What are T-Tubules? | Transverse tubules infoldings of the sarcolemma extending from one side to the other
convey electrical signals from the surface to the interior
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| What part of the skeletal muscle is responsible for calcium storage? | sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) found within muscle cells
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| What does oxygen deficit refer to? | the amount of additional oxygen that is consumed following pre-exercise to restore pre-exercise conditions.
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| What is excitation contraction coupling? What makes it possible? | the process by which an electrical stimulus triggers the release of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
this initiates the mechanism of muscle contraction by sarcomere shortening
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| What is TREPPE? | is an increase in muscle tension that occurs when not all calcium is returned to the SR prior to the next stimulus and muscle temp increases
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| What is isotonic contraction? What occurs to muscle? | when muscle tension results in movement of the muscle
-tone in the muscle remains the same as the length of muscle changes
ex: walking, lifting a baby, or swinging a tennis racket
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| What is fontanelle? | soft spot is an anatomical feature of the infant skull comprising any of the soft membranous gaps between the cranial bones
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| ATP of muscle | Already present within the skeletal muscle fiber is hydrolyzed by ATPase
source of energy that keeps everything going
helps with muscle contraction, the making of ATP must start quickly
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| Role of calcium in muscle cell to ensure contraction | muscle creates force and shortens, which triggers the SR to release Ca ions into the muscle interior bind to troponin
causing tropomyosin to shift from the face of the actin filament to which myosin heads need to bind
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| What is protein titin? | Also known as connectin
giant protein
cable like that extends from the Z disc to the M line
functions as a molecular spring, which is responsible for the passive elasticity of muscle
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| Sequence of muscle contraction | -excitation
-excitation-contraction coupling
-contraction
-relaxation
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| functional classification of a joint determination | amount of mobility found between the adjacent bones
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| adductor magnus function | powerful adductor of the thigh, made especially active when legs are moved from a wide spread positon to one in which the legs parallel each other
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| muscle cells regeneration ability | process by which damaged skeletal, smooth or cardiac muscle undergoes biological repair and formation of new muscle in response to death (necrosis) of muscle cells
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| Where is oxygen binding found in muscles? | Myoglobin is a reddish , globular protein that is somewhat similar to hemoglobin (blood)
binds at rest and releases during muscle contraction
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| Difference in skeletal and smooth muscle Difference in way of contraction | smooth muscles has no visible striations, sarcomeres or Z discs
skeletal muscle is voluntary and smooth is involuntary
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| Sliding filament model of muscular contraction | the myosin(thick) filaments of muscle fibers slide past the actin(thin) filaments during muscle contraction , while the 2 groups of filaments remain at relatively constant length
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| Function of acetylcholinesterase | enzyme which breaks up acetylcholine into acetate and choline so that it doesn't over stimulate post synaptic nerves, muscles, and exocrine glands
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| Is muscle tissue capable of converting chemical energy to mechanical energy | yes, the conversion occurs due to the ability of muscles to contract and relax
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| Smooth muscle has actin and myosin? T or F | True/ its not arranged the same way as skeletal muscle
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| Actin and myosin are shortening? T or F | False/actin and myosin are sliding but they stay the same length
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| ACH flows down the T-tubules like water? T or F | False/ ACH does not go down T-tubules, they stay in that gap gets broken down by achE
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| motor unit | all of the muscle fiber cells controlled by a single motor neuron
"all or nothing"
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| muscle fatigue | depletion of oxygen which decreases ATP
depletion of glucose which also decreases ATP
lactic acid build up
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| Muscles make up approx. 30% of the body's weight? T or F | False
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| The origin is the muscle attached to the bone at the point that is more fixed part of the skeleton? T or F | True
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| Heat production is caused by muscles converting energy through the 2nd law of Dynamics? T or F | True
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| Muscle produce movement by contracting and relaxing causing the joint to bend? T or F | True
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| Cardiac muscles are located in the heart and are interconnecting and move as a unit? T or F | True
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| Smooth muscles have multiple nuclei as in the skeletal muscles? T or F | False
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| Muscle located in the ureters are examples of smooth muscles? T or F | True
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| Muscle flexion is movement that makes the angle between 2 bones at their joints smaller than it was at the beginning? T or F | True
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| The term neuromuscular means pertaining to the muscles and the skeletal system? T or F | False
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| The term antagonists refers to muscle that acts with another muscle to produce and assist movement? T or F | False
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| A tendon is a band of connective tissue that holds muscle to the bone? T or F | True
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| Contraction is the process of drawing up or thickening of a muscle fiber? T or F | True
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| Sarcolemma is the fibrous membranes surrounding each tendon? T or F | False
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| A tumor originating in the muscle fiber is called myofibroma? T or F | True
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| Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine that can cause respiratory problems? T or F | True
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| Kyphosis is an exaggerated inward curvature of the spine? T or F | False
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